NCI Drug Dictionary - National Cancer Institute | f/F/1

NCI Drug Dictionary - National Cancer Institute

249 results found for: F

F 18 fluorodeoxygalactose

A radioconjugate containing the D-galactose analogue 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDGal) labeled with the positron-emitting radioactive isotope fluorine F18, used for imaging upon positron emitting tomography (PET). With cell uptake much higher in tumor cells compared to normal cells, the F18 moiety of fluorodeoxygalactose F-18 can be visualized upon PET imaging and this agent can be used as a tracer for the evaluation of galactose tumor uptake and metabolism. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

F16-IL2 fusion protein

An immunocytokine of the human monoclonal antibody fragment F16 (scFv) against the extra-domain A1 of tenascin-C fused, via a short 5-amino acid linker, to a recombinant form of the human cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. The monoclonal antibody portion of the F16-IL2 fusion protein binds to tumor cells expressing the tumor associated antigen (TAA) tenascin-C. In turn, the IL-2 moiety of the fusion protein stimulates natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and neutrophils and induces T-cell antitumor cellular immune responses thereby selectively killing tenascin-C-expressing tumor cells. In addition, F16-IL2 may potentiate the cytotoxicity of other chemotherapeutic agents. Tenascin-C, a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, is expressed in many cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

F-18 16 alpha-fluoroestradiol

A radiopharmaceutical consisting of an estradiol analogue radiolabeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18. F-18 16 alpha-fluoroestradiol is actively taken up in tumor cells expressing the estrogen receptor (ER), allowing visualization of ER-positive tumor cells with positron emiision tomography (PET). Uptake of this agent depends upon the ER status of target tissues. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

F-18 fluoroethyltyrosine

An amino acid analog radiolabeled with fluorine F 18, a positron emitting isotope, used as a tracer in positron emission tomography (PET). Reflecting the increased amino acid transport capacity of tumor cells, F-18 fluroethyltyrosine (F-18 FET) is actively taken up in tumor cells via amino acid transport system L, but is neither incorporated into proteins nor readily degraded, resulting in high intracellular concentrations of this imaging agent. Radiolableled amino acid-based agents are useful in PET brain tumor imaging because F-18 fluoro-deoxyglucose (F-18 FDG), commonly used in PET tumor imaging, is relatively insensitive for detecting tumors in the brain due the high levels of glycolytic metabolism in the normal cortex and to a lesser extent in white matter. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FACT complex-targeting curaxin CBL0137

An orally available curaxin-based agent targeting the Facilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT) complex, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, CBL0137 binds to FACT and sequesters the FACT complex on chromatin, which inhibits its activity. This prevents transcription of certain genes involved in cancer-associated signaling pathways; it specifically inhibits the transcription of both NF-kappa β and heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) and simultaneously activates p53. This causes an increase in tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation, in FACT-positive cancers. In addition, this agent is able to sensitize FACT-positive tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of other chemotherapeutic agents. FACT, a transcription and replication factor composed of the Structure Specific Recognition Protein (SSRP1) and suppressor of Ty 16 (Spt16) proteins, is expressed in a variety of tumor cells while almost absent in normal cells; its expression is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis.

factor VIIa inhibitor PCI-27483

A reversible small-molecule inhibitor of activated factor VII (factor VIIa) with potential antineoplastic and antithrombotic activities. FVII, a serine protease, becomes activated (FVIIa) upon binding with TF forming the FVIIa/TF complex, which induces intracellular signaling pathways by activating protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). Upon subcutaneous administration, factor VIIa inhibitor PCI-27483 selectively inhibits factor FVIIa in the VIIa/TF complex, which may prevent PAR-2 activation and PAR2-mediated signal transduction pathways, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of TF-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, this agent inhibits both the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation cascades, preventing blood clot formation. TF, a blood protein overexpressed on the cell surface of a variety of tumor cell types, may correlate with poor prognosis; PAR-2 (also known as thrombin receptor-like 1) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and a protease-activated receptor. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

factor VII-targeting immunoconjugate protein ICON-1

A human immunoconjugate (ICON) fusion protein composed of a modified version of human factor VII (FVII) which targets tissue factor (TF) that is fused to the Fc domain of the human immunoglobulin G1, with potential antithrombotic and antineoplastic activities. Acting in a similar manner as plasma FVII, the natural ligand of TF, ICON-1 targets and binds to TF expressed on neovascular endothelia, thereby preventing TF-mediated signaling pathways, and leading to the initiation of an immune response and the destruction of neovascular tissue. This prevents angiogenesis, inflammation and blood coagulation. Upon intravitreal administration, ICON-1 may block TF-induced angiogenesis and treat wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and ocular melanoma. TF, a naturally occurring glycoprotein in humans, regulates blood clotting, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fadrozole hydrochloride

The hydrochloride salt of the nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor fadrozole with potential antineoplastic activity. Fadrozole specifically inhibits aromatase, blocking the aromatization of androstenedione and testosterone into estrone and estradiol, respectively, the final step in estrogen biosynthesis; the reduction in estrogen levels may inhibit growth in estrogen-dependent cancers. Aromatase, a member of the cytochrome P-450 superfamily, is found in many tissues; overexpression has been linked to the development of preneoplastic and neoplastic changes in breast tissue. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FAK inhibitor GSK2256098

A focal adhesion kinase-1 (FAK) inhibitor with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. FAK inhibitor GSK2256098 inhibits FAK, which may prevent the integrin-mediated activation of several downstream signal transduction pathways, including ERK, JNK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt, thereby inhibiting tumor cell migration, proliferation and survival, and tumor angiogenesis. The tyrosine kinase FAK is normally activated by binding to integrins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) but may be upregulated and constitutively activated in various tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FAK inhibitor PF-00562271

An orally bioavailable small molecule and ATP-competitive focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. FAK inhibitor PF-00562271 inhibits the tyrosine kinase FAK, and to a lesser extent, proline-rich tyrosine kinase (PYK2), which may inhibit tumor cell migration, proliferation, and survival. As FAK is a signal transducer for integrins, inhibition of FAK by this agent may prevent integrin-mediated activation of several downstream signals including ERK, JNK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt. FAK and PYK2, upregulated in many tumor cell types, are involved in tumor cell invasion, migration and proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FAK inhibitor VS-4718

An orally bioavailable focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, VS-4718 inhibits FAK, blocks fibronectin-stimulated FAK autophosphorylation of Tyr397, and may prevent the integrin-mediated activation of several downstream signal transduction pathways, including ERK, JNK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt. This results in the reduction of the number of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and inhibits tumor cell migration, proliferation and survival. The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase FAK is a signal transducer for integrins and is constitutively activated in various tumor cell types; it is involved in tumor cell invasion, migration and proliferation and plays a key role in the development, function and survival of CSCs. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

falimarev

A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant fowlpox viral vector encoding the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), MUC-1, a transmembrane glycoprotein secreted by glandular epithelial tissues, and TRICOM, comprised of three co-stimulatory molecule transgenes (B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3). This agent may enhance CEA and MUC-1 presentation to antigen-presenting cells (APC) and may activate a cytotoxic T-cell response against CEA- and MUC-1-expressing tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

famitinib

An orally bioavailable receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Famitinib binds to and inhibits several RTKs, dysregulated in a variety of tumors, including stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit; SCFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 2 and 3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and FMS-like tyrosine kinases Flt1 and Flt3. Inhibition of these RTKs may result in an inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis, and eventually tumor regression in tumor cells overexpressing these RTKs. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

famotidine

A propanimidamide and histamine H2-receptor antagonist with antacid activity. As a competitive inhibitor of histamine H2-receptors located on the basolateral membrane of the parietal cell, famotidine reduces basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretion, resulting in a reduction in gastric volume, acidity, and amount of gastric acid released in response to various stimuli. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FAP-specific CD8-positive T cells

A preparation of CD8-positive T cells specific for human fibroblast activating protein (FAP) with potential immunopotentiating activity. T cells have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor specific for FAP. Upon infusion, the FAP-specific CD8-positive T cells bind to FAP-expressing tumor cells and exhibit a selective toxicity to tumor cells. This may result in both tumor cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell growth. FAP, a cell surface glycoprotein, is overexpressed on tumor-associated fibroblasts but minimally expressed on normal, healthy cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fareston

(Other name for: toremifene citrate)

farletuzumab

A humanized, immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody with potential antitumor activity. Farletuzumab specifically targets at glycoprotein 3 (GP-3), a cell surface antigen that is overexpressed on many epithelial-derived cancer cells. Upon binding to the GP-3 antigen, farletuzumab triggers a host immune response against GP-3 expressing cells resulting in cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Farydak

(Other name for: panobinostat)

Fas receptor agonist APO010

A recombinant, soluble, hexameric fusion protein consisting of three human Fas ligand (FasL) extracellular domains fused to the dimer-forming collagen domain of human adiponectin with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Assembled into a soluble hexameric structure mimicking the ligand clustering of endogenous active FasL, Fas receptor agonist APO010 activates the Fas receptor, resulting in caspase-dependent apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. FasL is a transmembrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily and a pro-apoptotic ligand for the death receptor Fas. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fascin Inhibitor NP-G2-044

An orally available inhibitor of the protein fascin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, NP-G2-044 targets and binds to fascin, thereby preventing the interaction of fascin with actin filaments, thereby preventing actin bundling and filopodia formation. By preventing actin cytoskeletal reorganization, the dynamic changes in cell shape that are necessary for tumor cell migration and invasion to occur are impaired, and tumor cell migration and metastasis are inhibited. Fascin, the main actin cross-linker protein in filopodia, is upregulated in many types of metastatic tumor cells while its expression is low or absent in normal adult epithelial cells; its expression is correlated with aggressive phenotypes, poor prognosis, and shorter survival. Filopodia, finger-like plasma membrane protrusions that are formed upon remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, are found at a high frequency in metastatic tumor cells and their presence is correlated with tumor cell invasiveness. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fasigyn

(Other name for: tinidazole)

Faslodex

(Other name for: fulvestrant)

FASN inhibitor TVB-2640

An orally bioavailable fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, TVB-2640 binds to and blocks FASN, which prevents the synthesis of palmitate needed for tumor cell growth and survival. This leads to a reduction in cell signaling, an induction of tumor cell apoptosis and the inhibition of cell proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. FASN, an enzyme responsible for the de novo synthesis of palmitic acid, is overexpressed in tumor cells and plays a key role in tumor metabolism, lipid signaling, tumor cell survival and drug resistance; tumor cells are dependent on increased fatty acid production for their enhanced metabolic needs and rapid growth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fat emulsion

A liquid composed of two immiscible substances, typically some form of fat and water. In parenteral nutrition, a fat emulsion may contain phospholipids, triglycerides and essential fatty acids.

fazarabine

An orally-active pyrimidine analogue of an aza-substituted cytidine in which the ribose moiety is replaced by an arabinose sugar. Similar in action to cytarabine, fazarabine is phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase to a triphosphate form which competes with thymidine for incorporation into DNA; its incorporation into DNA inhibits DNA synthesis, resulting in tumor cell death and tumor necrosis. The presence of deoxycytidine kinase in a tumor is a determinant of tumor sensitivity to this drug. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

febuxostat

An orally available, non-purine inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with uric acid lowering activity. Upon oral administration, febuxostat selectively and noncompetitively inhibits the activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme that converts oxypurines, including hypoxanthine and xanthine, into uric acid. By inhibiting xanthine oxidase, uric acid production is reduced and serum uric acid levels are lowered. Febuxostat may provide protection against acute renal failure caused by the excessive release of uric acid that occurs upon massive tumor cell lysis resulting from the treatment of some malignancies.

FEC Regimen

A regimen consisting of fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide used in the adjuvant setting and also for the treatment of recurrent and metastatic breast cancer. (NCI Thesaurus)

Feldene

(Other name for: piroxicam)

Femara

(Other name for: letrozole)

Femest

(Other name for: conjugated estrogens)

Feminone

(Other name for: ethinyl estradiol)

fenofibrate

A synthetic phenoxy-isobutyric acid derivate and prodrug with antihyperlipidemic activity. Fenofibrate is hydrolyzed in vivo to its active metabolite fenofibric acid that binds to and activates perioxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), resulting in the activation of lipoprotein lipase and reduction of the production of apoprotein C-III, an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase activity. Increased lipolysis and a fall in plasma triglycerides, in turn, leads to the modification of the small, dense low density lipoporotein (LDL) particles into larger particles that are catabolized more rapidly due to a greater affinity for cholesterol receptors. In addition, activation of PPARalpha also increases the synthesis of apoproteins A-I, A-II, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Overall, fenofibrate reduces total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, total triglycerides and triglyceride rich lipoprotein (VLDL) while increasing HDL cholesterol. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fenretinide

An orally-active synthetic phenylretinamide analogue of retinol (vitamin A) with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Fenretinide binds to and activates retinoic acid receptors (RARs), thereby inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis in some tumor cell types. This agent also inhibits tumor growth by modulating angiogenesis-associated growth factors and their receptors and exhibits retinoid receptor-independent apoptotic properties. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fenretinide lipid matrix

An orally bioavailable powder formulation of a synthetic phenylretinamide analogue of retinol with potential chemopreventive and antineoplastic activities. Fenretinide binds to and activates retinoic acid receptors (RARs), thereby inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis in some tumor cell types, including those of the colon, breast, prostate, and neuroblastoma. Independent of RAR activation, this agent also modulates gene expression that leads to ceramide-induced, caspase-independent programmed cell death (PCD) via effectors such as ganglioside GD3 and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Compared to the capsule form, the powder contains a mixture of wheat flour, fats, and sugar that may contribute to the enhanced bioavailability of fenretinide. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fenretinide Lym-X-Sorb

(Other name for: fenretinide lipid matrix)

fentanyl buccal soluble film

A transmucosal formulation consisting of a small, mucoadhesive, bioerodible polymer disc formulated with the citrate salt of fentanyl, a synthetic anilidopiperidine opioid with analgesic activity. Upon application, fentanyl buccal soluble film rapidly releases fentanyl which is quickly absorbed into the systemic circulation. Fentanyl selectively binds to and activates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fentanyl citrate

The citrate salt of fentanyl, a synthetic opioid related to the phenylpiperidines with analgesic and anesthetic properties. Fentanyl exerts its analgesic effect by selectively binding to the mu-opioid receptor in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates. Additional pharmacological effects of fentanyl include anxiolysis, euphoria, feelings of relaxation, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis, and cough suppression. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fentanyl citrate buccal tablet

A tablet formulation containing the citrate salt of the synthetic anilidopiperidine opiate fentanyl with analgesic activity. Upon contact with the buccal mucosa, fentanyl citrate buccal tablet rapidly releases fentanyl which is quickly absorbed into the systemic circulation. Fentanyl selectively binds to and activates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of endogenous opioids. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fentanyl citrate pectin-based nasal spray

A pectin-based, aqueous nasal spray containing the citrate salt of fentanyl, a synthetic lipophilic phenylpiperidine opioid, with analgesic activity. Fentanyl binds to and stimulates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the analgesic effect of endogenous opiates. Upon intranasal administration of this agent and contact with the nasal mucosa, pectin in low-viscosity aqueous solution gels in the presence of mucosal calcium ions; from this intranasal gel delivery platform, fentanyl is released into the systemic circulation in a relatively rapid but controlled and sustained manner. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fentanyl citrate-containing nasal spray

A nasal spray containing a phosphate-buffered solution of the citrate salt form of fentanyl, a short-acting, synthetic, lipophilic anilidopiperidine opioid, with analgesic activity. Upon applying one puff in the nostril, the fentanyl is rapidly absorbed through the nasal mucosa and selectively binds to and activates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates. Due to its quick onset and short duration of action, the administration of fentanyl nasal spray may relieve breakthrough pain in adults already receiving maintenance opioid therapy for chronic pain. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fentanyl matrix transdermal patch

A transdermal formulation containing the synthetic phenylpiperidine opioid agonist fentanyl, with analgesic activity. Upon topical administration, fentanyl diffuses from the transdermal patch through the skin, is transported via the systemic circulation, and selectively binds to the mu-receptor in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates. Stimulation of the mu-receptor inhibits adenyl cyclase activity, induces opening of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels, and blocks the opening of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels, resulting in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability; in addition, neuronal release of neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline may decrease. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fentanyl sublingual spray

A sublingual preparation of a short-acting, synthetic anilidopiperidine opioid with analgesic activity. After rapid sublingual transmucosal absorption, the active ingredient fentanyl selectively binds to and activates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fentora

(Other name for: fentanyl citrate buccal tablet)

Feraheme

(Other name for: ferumoxytol non-stoichiometric magnetite)

Feridex

(Other name for: ferumoxides injectable solution)

fermented soybean protein beverage

A fermented soybean-derived phytochemical beverage with potential antineoplastic activity. Fermented soybean protein beverage is reported to exhibit immunostimulatory, anti-viral, pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities and to enhance the cytotoxic effects of natural killer (NK) cells. The fermentation process is reported to hydrolyze many soybean proteins into amino acids and nitrogen-rich compounds and to protect and enhance the activities of isoflavones such as genistein, protease inhibitors, saponins, phytosterols, inositol hexaphosphate, and other beneficial dietary nutrients and micronutrients found in soybeans. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fermented wheat germ extract

An extract of fermented wheat germ containing a concentrated, standardized amount of methoxy-substituted benzoquinones with immunomodulatory and potential antineoplastic activities. Fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) inhibits the activities of several enzymes involved in de novo nucleic acid synthesis and in supplying the dNTP pool required for DNA replication. This agent also induces caspase-3- mediated inactivation of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP), a key enzyme in DNA repair that is overexpressed in many cancers; cleavage of PARP prevents DNA repair and induces apoptosis. The benzoquinones may contribute to the immunomodulatory effects of FWGE, down-regulating major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-1) protein on the surface of cancer cells, allowing natural killer (NK) cell surveillance; and up-regulating the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on tumor endothelial cells. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ferndex

(Other name for: dextroamphetamine sulfate)

ferric carboxymaltose solution

A parenteral iron solution containing ferric iron complexed with carboxymaltose polymers, used in parenteral iron-replacement therapy. Upon administration, ferric carboxymaltose is removed from plasma by the reticuloendothelial system. Subsequently, ferric iron binds to transferrin or is stored as ferritin. Transferrin-bound iron is transported in the plasma to the liver, spleen and bone marrow, where it is incorporated into hemoglobin, and to muscle, where it is incorporated into myoglobin. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ferriprox

(Other name for: deferiprone)

Ferrlecit

(Other name for: sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose)

ferrous fumarate

The fumarate salt form of the mineral iron. Administration of ferrous fumarate results in elevation of serum iron concentration, which is then assimilated into hemoglobin, required for the transport of oxygen, or trapped in the reticuloendothelial cells for storage. This agent is used as a dietary supplement, and to prevent or treat iron deficiency related syndromes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ferrous sulfate

A sulfate salt of mineral iron formulated for oral administration and used as a dietary supplement, ferrous sulfate is absorbed in the stomach and small intestine and combines with apoferritin to form ferritin, which is stored in the liver, spleen, red bone marrow, and intestinal mucosa. Important in transport of oxygen by hemoglobin to the tissues, iron is also found in myoglobin, transferrin, and ferritin, and is a component of many enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and cytochromes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ferumoxides injectable solution

An injectable, aqueous colloid solution containing a non-stoichiometric magnetite core of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) coated with dextran administered as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast media. Upon intravenous administration, ferumoxides accumulates in phagocytic reticuloendothelial system (RES) cells of the liver (Kupffer cells). When exposed to a strong external magnetic field, ferumoxides exhibits enhanced T2 relaxation, resulting in signal loss in normal tissues (image darkening) on mid T1/T2 or strongly T2-weighted images. Tissues with decreased RES function such as metastases, primary liver cancer, cysts and various benign tumors, adenomas, and hyperplasia, retain their native signal intensity, consequently the contrast between normal tissue (with image darkening) and abnormal tissue is increased. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ferumoxsil oral suspension

An orally administered aqueous suspension of silicone-coated, superparamagnetic iron oxide used as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. After oral administration, ferumoxsil fills the stomach and intestines. Upon exposure to the strong external magnetic field during MRI, ferumoxsil exhibits strong T1 relaxation properties and a strongly varying local magnetic field; T2 relaxation is enhanced, thereby darkening the contrast agent-containing portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Delineation of the bowel is thus enhanced, distinguishing bowel from organs and tissues adjacent to the upper regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ferumoxtran-10

A synthetic ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide composed of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (also known as 'ultrasmall particulate iron oxides' or USPIO). Ferumoxtran-10, which accumulates in non-cancerous lymphatic tissue, is used as a molecular resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ferumoxytol non-stoichiometric magnetite

A superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle coated with a low molecular weight semi-synthetic carbohydrate, polyglucose sorbitol carboxymethyl ether, with potential anti-anemic and imaging properties. After intravenous administration, ferumoxytol replaces iron stores with fewer side effects compared to the use of oral iron. In addition, this agent generates T1 relaxation, producing a magnetic field and enhancing T2 relaxation, thereby darkening contrast media-containing structures in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Due to small particle size, ferumoxytol remains in the intravasculature for a prolonged period and so may be used as a blood pool agent. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fesoterodine fumarate

The fumarate salt form of fesoterodine, a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist with muscle relaxant and urinary antispasmodic properties. Fesoterodine is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo into its active metabolite 5-hydroxymethyltolterodine, which binds and inhibits muscarinic receptors on the bladder detrusor muscle, thereby preventing bladder contractions or spasms caused by acetylcholine. This results in the relaxation of bladder smooth muscle and greater bladder capacity, in addition to a reduction in involuntary muscle contractions and involuntary loss of urine. The active metabolite does not interact with alpha-adrenergic, serotonergic, histaminergic and excitatory amino acid receptors and is eliminated via renal excretion. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fexofenadine hydrochloride

The hydrochloride salt form of fexofenadine, a carboxylated metabolic derivative of terfenadine and third generation selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist with antihistaminic and non-sedative effects. Fexofenadine competitively binds peripheral H1-receptors, thereby stabilizing an inactive conformation of the receptor. Consequently histamine binding and activity as a result of mast-cell degranulation followed by the release of multiple inflammatory mediators, such as interleukins, prostaglandin and leukotriene precursors, is blocked, thereby preventing the triggering of pro-inflammatory pathways. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FGF/FGFR pathway inhibitor E7090

An inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the FGF/FGFR pathway inhibitor E7090 selectively interferes with the binding of FGF to FGFR through an as of yet not fully elucidated mechanism. This inhibits FGFR-mediated signaling and leads to both cell proliferation inhibition and cell death in FGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival; its expression is upregulated in many tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FGF401 inhibitor FGF401

An inhibitor of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, FGF401 binds to and inhibits the activity of FGFR4, which leads to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in FGFR4-overexpressing cells. FGFR4 is a receptor tyrosine kinase upregulated in certain tumor cells and involved in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FGFR inhibitor ASP5878

An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, FGFR inhibitor ASP5878 binds to and inhibits FGFR, which results in the inhibition of FGFR-mediated signal transduction pathways. This inhibits proliferation in FGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases upregulated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in cellular proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FGFR inhibitor AZD4547

An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 binds to and inhibits FGFR, which may result in the inhibition of FGFR-related signal transduction pathways, and, so, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. FGFR, up-regulated in many tumor cell types, is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to tumor cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FGFR inhibitor debio 1347

An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor subtypes 1 (FGFR-1), 2 (FGFR-2) and 3 (FGFR-3), with potential antineoplastic activity. FGFR inhibitor debio 1347 binds to and inhibits FGFR-1, -2, and -3, which result in the inhibition of FGFR-mediated signal transduction pathways. This leads to the inhibition of both tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and causes cell death in FGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases upregulated in many tumor cell types, is essential for tumor cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FGFR inhibitor INCB054828

An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) types 1, 2, and 3 (FGFR1/2/3), with potential antineoplastic activity. FGFR inhibitor INCB054828 binds to and inhibits FGFR1/2/3, which may result in the inhibition of FGFR1/2/3-related signal transduction pathways. This inhibits proliferation in FGFR1/2/3-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases upregulated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in cellular proliferation, migration, and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FGFR inhibitor TAS-120

An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. FGFR inhibitor TAS-120 selectively and irreversibly binds to and inhibits FGFR, which may result in the inhibition of both the FGFR-mediated signal transduction pathway and tumor cell proliferation, and increased cell death in FGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to tumor cell proliferation, differentiation and survival and its expression is upregulated in many tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FGFR inhibitor1/2/3 HMPL-453

An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) types 1, 2, and 3 (FGFR1/2/3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, FGFR inhibitor HMPL-453 binds to and inhibits FGFR1/2/3, which may result in the inhibition of FGFR1/2/3-related signal transduction pathways. This inhibits proliferation in FGFR1/2/3-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) upregulated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in cellular proliferation, migration and survival.

FGFR1 receptor antagonist HGS1036

A soluble fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) fused to the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with potential antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activities. FGFR1 receptor antagonist FP-1039 prevents FGFR ligands, such as FGF1, FGF2, FGF4, from binding to their cognate receptors, thereby inhibiting the activation of the related FGFR tyrosine kinases. Inhibition of FGFR1 by this agent may retard tumor cell proliferation and induce tumor cell death. FP-1039 may also inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis. FGFR1 is a receptor tyrosine kinase upregulated in certain tumor cells and involved in tumor cellular proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and survival; most ligands that bind to FGFR1 also bind to the related receptors FGFR3 and FGFR4. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FGFR4 antagonist INCB062079

An orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, FGFR4 antagonist INCB062079 specifically and irreversibly binds to the cysteine residue at position 552 (Cys 552) that is within the active site of FGFR4. This blocks FGFR4 autophosphorylation and activation of receptor tyrosine kinase activity that would normally occur after binding to its ligand fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), which both inhibits FGFR4-mediated signaling and leads to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in FGF19- and FGFR4-overexpressing cells. FGFR4, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is involved in angiogenesis and in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of tumor cells. FGFR4 expression is associated with poor prognosis. FGF19 is overexpressed by certain tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FGFR4 inhibitor BLU-554

An orally bioavailable inhibitor of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, BLU-554 specifically binds to and blocks the binding of the ligand FGF19 to FGFR4. This prevents the activation of FGFR4, inhibits FGFR4-mediated signaling and leads to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in FGFR4-overexpressing cells. FGFR4 is a receptor tyrosine kinase and is involved in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and survival. FGF19 is overexpressed by certain tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FGFR4 inhibitor H3B-6527

An orally bioavailable inhibitor of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, H3B-6527 specifically binds to and blocks FGFR4. This prevents the activation of FGFR4, inhibits FGFR4-mediated signaling and leads to an inhibition of cell proliferation in FGFR4-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR4, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed by certain tumor cell types, is involved in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and survival; FGFR4 expression is associated with poor prognosis.

fibrin sealant

A plasma-derived fibrin biomatrix preparation consisting of two separate solutions that are combined on application. The sealer protein solution contains clottable human fibrinogen and bovine aprotinin, a fibrinolysis inhibitor; the thrombin solution contains human thrombin and calcium chloride. When the solutions are combined, a clot is formed, reproducing the final stages of the coagulation cascade. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fibrocaps

(Other name for: fibrin sealant)

ficlatuzumab

A monoclonal antibody directed against human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ficlatuzumab binds to the soluble ligand HGF, preventing the binding of HGF to its receptor c-Met and activation of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway, which may result in cell death in c-Met-expressing tumor cells. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fidaxomicin

A narrow-spectrum, 18-membered macrolide antibiotic isolated from the actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum subsp. hamdenensis with potential antibacterial activity. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, fidaxomicin may bind to and inhibit bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby inhibiting the initiation of bacterial RNA synthesis. When orally administered, this agent is minimally absorbed into the systemic circulation, acting locally in the gastrointestinal tract. Tiacumicin B appears to be active against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria, such as clostridia, enterococci, and staphylococci, but does not appear to be active against other beneficial intestinal bacteria. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fidelin

(Other name for: prasterone)

figitumumab

A human monoclonal antibody directed against the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Figitumumab selectively binds to IGF1R, preventing insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1) from binding to the receptor and subsequent receptor autophosphorylation. Inhibition of IGF1R autophosphorylation may result in a reduction in receptor expression on tumor cells that express IGF1R, a reduction in the anti-apoptotic effect of IGF, and inhibition of tumor growth. IGF1R is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed on most tumor cells and is involved in mitogenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor cell survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

filgrastim

A recombinant, non-glycosylated cytokine which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) isoform B, with immunomodulating activity. Filgrastim binds to and activates G-CSF receptors with the same biological activity and stability as the endogenous cytokine, thereby controlling the production, differentiation, and function of neutrophilic granulocyte progenitors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

filgrastim-primed peripheral blood progenitor cells

Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) primed with a recombinant form of the human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim). As a hematopoietic growth factor, filgrastim is able to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) into the peripheral blood which allows for an increased number of HPCs upon collection by leukapheresis. Administration of filgrastim-primed PBPCs following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation provides increased numbers of progenitor cells which may prevent pancytopenia and relapse. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

finasteride

A synthetic 4-azasteroid compound. Finasteride competitively binds to and inhibits steroid type II 5-alpha-reductase in the prostate gland, liver, and skin, thereby interfering with the enzymatic conversion of testosterone to 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and reducing serum DHT levels. The reduction in serum DHT levels results in diminished stimulation of androgen receptors in the nuclei of prostate cells and, so, diminished prostate cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Firdapse

(Other name for: amifampridine)

Firmagon

(Other name for: degarelix)

fish oil

An oil derived from the tissues of oily fish. Fish oil is considered valuable due to its high content of omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Such fatty acids are not actually produced in fish, but are accumulated from phytoplankton which produce omega-3 fatty acids. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fish oil/glycerol/egg lecithin-based emulsion

An injectable, nutritional lipid emulsion composed of 10% fish oil and high amounts of the fish oil-derived polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Additionally, the fish oil/glycerol/egg lecithin-based emulsion contains myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, octadecatetraenoic acid, eicosaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, docosaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid. This agent supplies essential fatty acids that can be incorporated into cell membranes. The fatty acids may decrease the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In addition to fish oil, this lipid emulsion contains egg phospholipids to maintain membrane integrity; glycerol to provide energy through glycolysis; and the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Flagyl

(Other name for: metronidazole hydrochloride)

flanvotumab

A monoclonal antibody directed against the melanosomal membrane protein gp75 (or Tyrosinase-Related Protein 1 [TRP1]) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Flanvotumab targets and binds to gp75. This may lead to the induction of cytotoxic T cell immune and antibody-mediated immune responses against melanoma cells expressing gp75. gp75, a pigmentation-associated antigen, is expressed in melanosomes of human melanocytes and melanomas. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

flavone acetic acid

A synthetic flavonoid with vascular targeting properties. Flavone acetic acid exhibits an antiproliferative effect on endothelial cells as a result of a superoxide-dependent mechanism, which induces changes in permeability of the vasculature of the tumor. This agent may stimulate tumor necrosis and promote shunting of blood flow to viable regions of the tumor, increasing their oxygenation and rendering them more susceptible to the antitumor effects of hyperthermia and ionizing radiation. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

flavonoid tablet

A tablet formulation of flavonoids with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. Polyphenolic, soluble plant pigment flavonoids inactivate oxygen radicals, prevent lipid peroxidation, and inhibit DNA oxidation. In vitro, these agents have been shown to increase the rate of apoptosis, and inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Furthermore, flavonoids can induce conjugating enzymes, such as glutathione transferases and glucuronosyltransferases. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

flaxseed

Seed isolated from one of several species of the plant genus Linum. Flaxseed-derived foods, lignans, and essential fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid, possess anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, antioxidant, and antineoplastic properties. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Flector Patch

(Other name for: diclofenac epolamine patch)

Fleet Phospho-soda

(Other name for: sodium biphosphate/sodium phosphate oral laxative)

Flexeril

(Other name for: cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride)

Flexiban

(Other name for: cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride)

Flomax

(Other name for: tamsulosin hydrochloride)

Flonase

(Other name for: fluticasone propionate)

Florafur

(Other name for: tegafur)

Florinef

(Other name for: fludrocortisone acetate)

Flovent

(Other name for: fluticasone propionate)

floxuridine

A fluorinated pyrimidine monophosphate analogue of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-phosphate (FUDR-MP) with antineoplastic activity. As an antimetabolite, floxuridine inhibits thymidylate synthetase, resulting in disruption of DNA synthesis and cytotoxicity. This agent is also metabolized to fluorouracil and other metabolites that can be incorporated into RNA and inhibit the utilization of preformed uracil in RNA synthesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FLT3 inhibitor FF-10101 succinate

The succinate salt form of FF-10101, a FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3; CD135; STK1; FLK2) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of FLT3 inhibitor FF-10101 succinate (FF-10101-01), FF-10101 irreversibly binds to and inhibits the activity of FLT3. This inhibits the proliferation of FLT3-expressing cancer cells. FLT3, a class III receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), is overexpressed or mutated in most B-lineage neoplasms and in acute myeloid leukemias. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FLT3/CDK4/6 inhibitor FLX925

An orally available inhibitor of FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3, STK1, or FLK2) and the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 (CDK4) and 6 (CDK6), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, FLT3/CDK4/6 inhibitor FLX925 specifically binds to and inhibits FLT3, which interferes with the activation of FLT3-mediated signal transduction pathways and reduces cell proliferation in cancer cells that overexpress FLT3. In addition FLX925 inhibits CDK4 and 6 and prevents the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in early G1 phase. Inhibition of Rb phosphorylation prevents CDK-mediated G1-S phase transition, which causes G1 phase cell cycle arrest, suppresses DNA synthesis and inhibits cancer cell growth. FLT3, a class III tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers. Overexpression of CDK4/6, which is seen in certain types of cancer, causes cell cycle deregulation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FLT3/KIT kinase inhibitor AKN-028

An orally bioavailable protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor for FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3; STK1) and stem cell factor receptor (SCFR; KIT), with potential antineoplastic activity. FLT3/KIT kinase inhibitor AKN-028 binds to and inhibits both the wild-type and mutated forms of FLT3 and SCFR. This may result in an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in cancer cell types that overexpress these receptor tyrosine kinases. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

flu matrix peptide p58-66

A short chain synthetic antigenic peptide (GILGFVFTL) derived from the influenza virus A matrix protein and presented by HLA-A2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Flu matrix peptide p58-66 stimulates the lytic functions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which may result in the eradication of virus-infected or malignant tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fluarix

(Other name for: trivalent influenza vaccine)

Flublok

(Other name for: trivalent influenza vaccine)

fluciclatide F 18

A radiopharmaceutical compound of a small synthetic cyclic peptide containing an RGD-sequence (Arg-Gly-Asp) labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18 that may be used to selectively image tumor cells and tumor vasculature by PET imaging. The RGD motif of fluciclatide F 18 selectively binds to the alphaVbeta3 integrin receptor, commonly upregulated on the surfaces of tumor cells and endothelial cells of tumor vasculature. This agent may be of use in visualizing and quantifying the development of tumor vascularity in response to antiangiogenic agents. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluconazole

A synthetic triazole with antifungal activity. Fluconazole preferentially inhibits fungal cytochrome P-450 sterol C-14 alpha-demethylation, resulting in the accumulation of fungal 14 alpha-methyl sterols, the loss of normal fungal sterols, and fungistatic activity. Mammalian cell demethylation is much less sensitive to fluconazole inhibition. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

flucytosine

A pyrimidine compound and a fluorinated cytosine analog exhibiting antifungal activity. After penetration into the fungal cells, flucytosine is deaminated to its active metabolite 5-fluorouracil. 5-fluorouracil replaces uracil during fungal RNA synthesis, thereby inhibiting fungal protein synthesis. In addition, fluorouracil is further metabolized to 5-fluorodeoxyuridylic acid monophosphate, which inhibits thymidylate synthetase, thereby interrupting nucleotide metabolism, DNA synthesis and ultimately protein synthesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fludarabine phosphate

The phosphate salt of a fluorinated nucleotide antimetabolite analog of the antiviral agent vidarabine (ara-A) with antineoplastic activity. Fludarabine phosphate is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. This metabolite may inhibit DNA polymerase alpha, ribonucleotide reductase and DNA primase, thereby interrupting DNA synthesis and inhibiting tumor cell growth. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fludase

(Other name for: recombinant cell-surface anchored sialidase DAS181)

fludeoxyglucose F 18

A positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical containing radioactive 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose. With similar cell uptake as glucose (high in tumor cells), fludeoxyglucose F 18 is not dephosphorylated and further metabolized. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fludrocortisone acetate

The acetate salt of a synthetic fluorinated corticosteroid with antiinflammatory and antiallergic activities. As a glucocorticoid-receptor agonist, fludrocortisone binds to cytoplasmic receptors, translocates to the nucleus, and subsequently initiates the transcription of glucocorticoid-responsive genes such as lipocortins to inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Inhibition of PLA2 activity prevents the release of arachidonic acid, a precursor of eicosanoids such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes; eicosanoids are important mediators in the pro-inflammatory response mechanism. As a mineralocorticoid-receptor agonist, this agent stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention and K+ and H+ secretion in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FluLaval

(Other name for: trivalent influenza vaccine)

flumatinib mesylate

The orally bioavailable, mesylate salt form of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor flumatinib, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, flumatinib inhibits the wild-type forms of Bcr-Abl, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR; c-Kit) and forms of these proteins with certain point mutations. This results in the inhibition of both Bcr-Abl-, PDGFR- and c-Kit-mediated signal transduction pathways, and the proliferation of tumor cells in which these kinases are overexpressed. Bcr-Abl fusion protein is an abnormal, constitutively active enzyme expressed in Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). PDGFR, upregulated in many tumor cell types, is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to cell migration and the development of the microvasculature. c-kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated and constitutively activated in certain tumors, plays a key role in tumor cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FluMist

(Other name for: trivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine)

fluocinonide cream

A synthetic glucocorticoid and derivative of fluocinolone acetonide with anti-inflammatory and antipruritic activities. Fluocinonide binds the glucocorticoid receptor, followed by translocation of the ligand-receptor complex to the nucleus and transcription activation of genes containing glucocorticoid-responsive elements. Lipocortin-1 is one factor induced by fluocinonide that interacts and inhibits cytosolic phospholipase 2 alpha, thereby preventing phospholipase translocation to the perinuclear membrane and subsequent release and conversion of arachidonic acid to inflammatory prostaglandins. In addition, MAPK phosphatase 1 is induced, thereby preventing the triggering of the MAPK cascade resulting in pro-inflammatory effects via Jun N-terminal kinase and c-Jun. Finally, fluocinonide binds to and inhibits nuclear factor kappa-B directly, resulting in inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 transcription and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis.

fluorescein sodium injection

An injectable form of the sodium salt of the fluorophore fluorescein. Fluorescein responds to electromagnetic radiation between the wavelengths of 465-490 nm and fluoresces, emitting light at wavelengths of 520-530 nm that can be detected visually. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorescein-conjugated Wisteria floribunda lectin

A fluorescein conjugated to a preparation of lectin(s) extracted from the seeds of Wisteria floribunda (Japanese wisteria), with potential use as a diagnostic agent. Upon administration of fluorescein-conjugated Wisteria floribunda lectin, the lectin moiety preferentially targets and binds to carbohydrate structures containing N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose residues overexpressed on certain tumor cell surfaces. Using white and fluorescent light, tumor cells with increased lectin-binding affinity can be visualized or imaged.

fluorescence imaging agent EMI-137

A water-soluble compound composed of a 26-amino acid cyclic peptide targeting the human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-MET) conjugated to a cyanine-based fluorescent dye, with potential fluorescent imaging activity. Upon administration of EMI-137, the peptide moiety specifically targets and binds to the human tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met, which is often overexpressed on cancer cells. Upon imaging, the cancer cells can be visualized. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorescent antibody SGM-101

A near infrared-emitting fluorochrome-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (ACE; anti-CEA) monoclonal antibody, with potential diagnostic imaging activity. Upon administration, the fluorescent antibody SGM-101 binds CEA-overexpressing cancer cells. Upon fluorescence imaging, the fluorochrome can be visualized and CEA-overexpressing cancer cell can be imaged and detected. CEA, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorescent cRGDY PEG-Cy5.5 C dots

An imaging agent composed of silica-based nanoparticles labeled with a near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore, cyanine 5.5 (Cy5.5) and surrounded by polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains attached to cyclo-[Arg-Gly-Asp-Tyr] (cRGDY) peptides, with potential use as a tumor-selective fluorescent imaging agent. Upon intradermal administration of the fluorescent cRGDY PEG-Cy5.5 C dots, the cRGD moiety selectively binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin expressed on tumor cells. Upon intraoperative fluorescence imaging, alphaVbeta3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of both tumor metastasis and sentinel lymph node (SLN) trafficking can be assessed. Integrins are transmembrane glycoproteins upregulated on proliferating tumor vessel endothelial cells and various cancer cells; their overexpression has been associated with neovascularization, differentiation, proliferation of tumor cells, metastasis and an overall poor prognosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorescent dye LS301

A hydrophobic near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe composed of a NIR fluorescent dye cypate linked to an unnatural D-cysteine-containing cyclic octapeptide (D-Cys-Gly-Arg--Asp-Ser-Pro-Cys)-Lys-OH, with potential cancer-imaging activity. Upon administration during tumor resection, the peptide component of LS301 specifically targets and binds integrin receptors expressed on tumor cells, which are not expressed on normal, healthy cells. Upon receptor-mediated endocytosis and fluorescence imaging using infrared light that is visualized by the surgeon with special Cancer Vision Goggles (CVG), tumor cells can be detected, identified, and removed accordingly. This enhances the accuracy of cancer cell removal during surgery. The D-cysteine on the peptide prevents degradation by endogenous proteases. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorescent imaging ligand OTL38

A fluorescent imaging agent composed of a folate receptor-alpha (FRa)-targeting ligand conjugated to a fluorescent near infrared (NIR) dye, that can be used for imaging of FRa-expressing tumor cells. Upon administration, the FRa-targeting moiety of OTL38 specifically binds to FRa expressed on tumor cells thus selectively delivering the fluorescent dye to FRa-expressing tumor cells. Upon NIR imaging, tumor cells fluoresce, which allows for the visualization and identification of FRa-overexpressing tumor cells. FRa, a high-affinity folate-binding protein and a member of the folate receptor family, is overexpressed in various cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorescent protease-activated peptide AVB-620

A protease-cleavable peptide linked to a fluorescent probe, with potential imaging activity. Upon intravenous infusion of the fluorescent protease-activated peptide AVB-620 before surgery, the peptide moiety of AVB-620 can be cleaved by proteases overexpressed by tumor cells. This activates the fluorescent probe and the tumor cells expressing the proteases can be detected using a fluorescence imaging system. This allows for the visualization and removal of the tumor during surgery. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fluorescite

(Other name for: fluorescein sodium injection)

fluorine 18 F fludarabine

A radiopharmaceutical containing the purine analog fludarabine that is labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F18 with potential use as a tumor imaging agent upon positron emission tomography (PET). After intravenous administration, the fludarabine is selectively taken up by tumor cells. The radioisotope moiety is detected using PET, which allows imaging and quantification of both the biodistribution of fludarabine and the presence of tumor cells. This could identify tumors and select patients that will likely respond to fludarabine treatment. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 4-L-fluoroglutamine (2S,4R)

A radioconjugate and glutamine analog consisting of the fluorine F 18 labeled 2S, 4R stereoisomer of 4-fluoroglutamine with potential use as a metabolic tracer for tumor imaging. Upon intravenous administration, fluorine F 18 4-L-fluoroglutamine (2S,4R) is preferentially taken up by cancer cells, possibly driven by c-Myc upregulation. Upon positron emission tomography (PET), cancer cells can be imaged. Tumor cells use the amino acid glutamine for nutritional purposes necessary for energy production and growth; as tumor cells proliferate more rapidly than normal healthy cells, glutamine uptake is higher in certain cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 5-fluoro-2-deoxycytidine

A radioconjugate composed of a fluorinated pyrimidine analog, linked to the radioisotope fluorine F 18 with potential imaging activity using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of fluorine F 18 5-fluoro-2-deoxycytidine ([F-18]-FdCyd), the FdCyd moiety is phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase to 5-fluoro-2’-deoxycytidylate (FdCMP) and deaminated by deoxycytidylate (dCMP) deaminase, an enzyme overexpressed by tumor cells, to 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP). Eventually, FdUMP is metabolized to the triphosphate forms 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine-triphosphate (FdCTP) and fluorodeoxyuridine triphosphate (FdUTP). FdCTP and FdUTP inhibit DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and DNA methylation, and induce DNA strand breaks, respectively. FdCyd is coadministered with tetrahydrouridine (THU), an inhibitor of cytidine/deoxycytidine deaminase, which prevents FdCyd breakdown and increases its efficacy. The fluorine F 18 moiety can be imaged upon PET/CT, thereby allowing for the evaluation of the biodistribution of FdCyd and its uptake by tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 6-fluorodopamine

A radioconjugate consisting of 6-fluorodopamine labeled with fluorine F18 (6-[18F]FDA), with potential diagnostic activity. Upon administration, 6-[18F]FDA is taken up by presynaptic sympathetic nerve endings via the norepinephrine transporter (NET) uptake-1. Once inside, 6-[18F]FDA is rapidly converted by dopamine-beta-hydroxylase into 6-[18F]fluoronorepinephrine (6-[18F]FNE) and stored into neuronal storage vesicles. Upon positron emission tomographic (PET) scanning of the F18, sympathetic innervated regions can be visualized, such as those in pheochromocytoma. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 alfatide II

A radiotracer composed of a pegylated, dimeric arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide (PRGD2), radiolabeled, via the chelating agent 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA), to a fluorine F 18-aluminum complex (AlF), with potential alphaVbeta3 integrin (vitronectin receptor) imaging activity using positron emission topography (PET). Upon administration, the RGD moiety of fluorine F 18 alfatide II selectively binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin. During PET, alphaVbeta3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of tumor angiogenesis can be determined. AlphaVbeta3 integrin, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is upregulated in tumor vessel endothelial cells and has been associated with neovascularization, differentiation, proliferation of tumor cells, and metastasis. Pegylation provides improved drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing efficacy while lowering systemic toxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 alphaVbeta6-binding peptide

A radiotracer composed of a 20 amino acid peptide derived from the GH loop of an envelope protein (VP1) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), where the N-terminal lysine has been substituted with arginine, conjugated with two polyethylene glycol units and radiolabeled with fluorine 18, for potential positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of alphaVbeta6 integrin expression. Upon administration, the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif within the peptide moiety of the fluorine 18 F alphaVbeta6-binding peptide selectively binds to alphaVbeta6 integrin. During PET imaging, alphaVbeta6-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of tumor growth can be determined. AlphaVbeta6 integrin, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is upregulated in certain cancers and has been associated with proliferation, migration and invasion of tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 ara-G

A radioconjugate composed of the guanosine analog arabinosyl guanine (Ara-G), a high-affinity substrate for both cytoplasmic deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) and mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK), labeled with fluorine F 18, that can potentially be used as a tracer for imaging of activated T-lymphocytes during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18 ara-G is taken up by and accumulates in activated T-lymphocytes with high levels of DCK and dGK. After phosphorylation by DCK and dGK, the 18F moiety can be visualized by PET imaging. Fluorine F 18 ara-G can potentially be used as an imaging agent to detect anti-tumor immune responses and to predict the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapies. DCK and dGK, both nucleoside salvage pathway enzymes, are overexpressed in activated T-cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 choline

A radioconjugate composed of choline labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18, with potential tumor tracer activity using positron emission tomography (PET). Fluorine F 18 fluorocholine incorporates into tumor cells through an active, carrier-mediated transport mechanism for choline and then is phosphorylated intracellularly by choline kinase, yielding a phosphoryl derivative, that is integrated into the cell membrane as part of phosphatidylcholine. Since the proliferation of cancer cells is much higher than normal cells, tumor cells exhibit an increased rate of fluorine F 18 fluorocholine uptake and incorporation, facilitating imaging of the tumor using PET. Choline kinase, the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of choline, is frequently upregulated in human tumor cells. Choline is essential for the production of phosphatidylcholine, which is an important element of phospholipids in cell membranes.

fluorine F 18 clofarabine

A radioconjugate composed of the nucleoside analog and deoxycytidine kinase (DCK)-dependent pro-drug clofarabine (Cl-F-ara-A) linked to the radioisotope fluorine F 18, with potential imaging activity using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of fluorine F 18 clofarabine, the clofarabine moiety is preferentially taken up by and accumulates in cells with dysregulated nucleoside metabolism, including tumor cells expressing high levels of DCK. The clofarabine moiety is phosphorylated by DCK into its active triphosphate form, Cl-F-ara-ATP. The 18F moiety can be visualized by PET imaging. As many nucleoside analog prodrugs are chemotherapeutic agents that require DCK for their phosphorylation and activation, fluorine F 18 clofarabine can potentially be used as a marker to measure DCK activity and to predict the chemotherapeutic efficacy of DCK-dependent prodrugs. DCK, a rate-limiting enzyme in the deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway for DNA synthesis, is overexpressed in certain solid tumors, lymphoid and myeloid malignancies and certain immune cells, such as proliferating T-lymphocytes. Compared to other nucleoside analogs, clofarabine is not susceptible to deamination by cytidine deaminase (CDA). Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 CP18 peptide

A triazole containing pentapeptide labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18, used as a tracer for positron emitting tomography (PET) imaging. As a caspase-3 specific substrate, fluorine F 18 CP18 peptide is preferentially taken up by and accumulates in tumor cells with high caspase-3 activity. Upon PET imaging, apoptotic cells can be detected and apoptotic activity can be assessed. Caspase-3 is a cysteine protease that plays a key role in the induction of apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 dabrafenib

A radioconjugate containing dabrafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the V600 mutated version of the B-raf (BRAF) protein and labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18 with potential prostate tumor imaging upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the dabrafenib moiety of fluorine F 18 dabrafenib specifically targets and binds to the BRAF V600-mutated form, expressed on tumor cells, thereby allowing the visualization of tumor cells expressing BRAF V600 upon PET. BRAF is constitutively activated in a variety of cancers due to BRAF gene mutations. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 DCFBC

A radioconjugate containing a low molecular weight tracer, DCFBC, specific for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18 with potential prostate tumor imaging upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the DCFBC moiety of fluorine F 18 DCFBC specifically targets and binds to the tumor associated antigen PSMA, thereby allowing the visualization of tumor cells expressing PSMA upon PET. PSMA is a transmembrane glycoprotein highly expressed on malignant prostate epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells of various solid tumors.

fluorine F 18 DCFPyL

A urea-based radiotracer composed of the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting agent DCFPyL and labeled with the positron-emitting isotope, fluorine F 18, that can potentially be used for positron emitting tomography (PET) imaging. Upon administration of fluorine F 18 DCFPyL, the DCFPyL moiety binds to PSMA expressed on tumor cells. The fluorine F 18 moiety facilitates PET imaging of PSMA-expressing tumor cells. PSMA, a cell-surface antigen, is abundantly present on the surface of prostate cancer cells and on the neovasculature of most solid tumors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 d-FMAU

A radioconjugate comprised of the synthetic pyrimidine analogue 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)thymine (d-FMAU) labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F 18 (18F-d-FMAU), that can potentially be used as an imaging agent upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18 d-FMAU is distributed and taken up by cells based on the rate of the cell’s DNA synthesis. Upon PET imaging, cell proliferation in tumors can be assessed as tumor cells have a higher rate of DNA synthesis than normal, healthy cells. This agent is not catabolized and has a long half-life compared to the radioconjugate carbon C 11 thymidine. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 EF5

A radioconjugate consisting of EF5, a fluorinated derivative of etanidazole, conjugated to fluorine F 18, a positron emitting isotope. EF5 binds to hypoxic tissue; conjugation to Fluorine F 18 allows imaging of hypoxic regions within tumors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 FDHT

A radioconjugate containing a derivative of the androgen testosterone, 16-beta-fluoro-5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (FDHT), labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F18 (18F-FDHT), with potential use as an imaging agent for positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, 18F-FDHT binds to the androgen receptor (AR). Upon PET imaging, AR-expressing prostate tumor cells can be imaged and assessed. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 FEQA

The anilinoquinazoline derivative FEQA radiolabeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope fluorine F 18 with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binding and radioisotopic activities. Fluorine F 18 FEQA irreversibly binds to (EGFR), allowing imaging of EGFR-positive tumor cells with positron emission tomography (PET). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 fluciclovine

A radiotracer containing a synthetic amino acid analogue of L-leucine radiolabeled with fluorine F 18 with potential diagnostic imaging use. Similar to most amino acids, fluorine F 18 fluciclovine ([18]FACBC) appears to enter cells through the energy-independent L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) system. As an amino acid analogue, this agent is preferentially accumulated by tumor cells due to their increased metabolic needs; however, unlike naturally occuring amino acids, this non-natural amino acid-analogue radiotracer is not metabolized. Accordingly, [18]FACBC accumulates in tumor cells and can potentially be used to image tumors using positron emission tomography (PET). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 fluoro furanyl norprogesterone

The progesterone derivative fluoro furanyl norprogesterone (FFNP), radiolabeled with fluorine F 18, with positron-emitting radioligand activity. Upon injection, fluorine F 18 fluoro furanyl norprogesterone (F18-FFNP) binds to progesterone receptors (PgR) in progesterone-responsive tissues. In PgR-positive breast cancer, positron emission tomography (PET) may then be used to quantitate hormone receptor status. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 fluorobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium

A radioconjugate and cationic lipophilic agent consisting of fluorobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium (FBnTP), labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F 18, with potential use as a tracer for both mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and apoptosis, and as a tumor imaging agent using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18 FBnTP is taken up by cells and its uptake and accumulation within mitochondria is directly correlated with MMP. Apoptosis causes a loss of membrane potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane which decreases FBnTP mitochondrial uptake. As apoptosis is suppressed in tumor cells, the FBnTP uptake is increased as compared to normal cells. This allows, upon PET, for the imaging of cancer cells. As apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic agents cause a collapse of MMP, this agent can also be used to assess the response of tumor cells to those chemotherapeutic agents.

fluorine F 18 fluorodopa

The amino acid analog fluorodopa (FDOPA) labeled with fluorine F 18, a positron-emitting isotope, with potential tumor tracer property. Fluorine F 18 fluorodopa is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and is taken up by brain tumor cells. As uptake is higher in tumor cells, tumors may then be imaged using positron emission tomography (PET). Assessing tumor uptake of FDOPA may be beneficial for diagnosis, localization and in determining further treatment. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 fluoroethylcholine

Ethylcholine labeled with fluorine F 18, a positron-emitting isotope. Fluorine F 18 fluoroethylcholine incorporates into tumor cells through an active, carrier-mediated transport mechanism for choline and then is phosphorylated intracellularly by choline kinase, yielding a phosphoryl derivative, and finally is integrated into cellular phospholipids, probably primarily into a phosphatidyl derivative; concentration of this agent in tumor cells as various fluorine F 18 fluoroethylcholine derivatives enables tumor imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). Choline kinase, the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of choline, is frequently up-regulated in human tumor cell lines. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 fluoromethylcholine

A radiotracer consisting of methylcholine labeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope fluorine F 18 (18F-FMCH) with potential imaging use. Upon administration, 18F-fluoromethylcholine incorporates into tumor cells through an active, carrier-mediated transport mechanism for choline and then is phosphorylated intracellularly by choline kinase, an enzyme frequently upregulated in human tumors, yielding phosphoryl 18F-fluoromethylcholine. In turn, phosphoryl 18F-fluoromethylcholine is integrated into phospholipids in the cell membrane as part of phosphatidylcholine. As the proliferation of cancer cells is much higher than normal cells, tumor cells exhibit an increased rate of 18F-FMCH uptake and incorporation, allowing tumor imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 fluoropaclitaxel

A radiotracer containing paclitaxel labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F 18 with potential use as an imaging agent. After cellular uptake, the paclitaxel moiety of fluorine F18 fluoropaclitaxel binds to tubulin. Upon uptake, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using positron emission tomography (PET), thereby allowing imaging and quantification of the biodistribution of paclitaxel. This could identify multidrug resistant (MDR) status of tumor cells and select patients that will likely respond to paclitaxel treatment.

fluorine F 18 fluoro-PEG6-IPQA

A radioconjugate containing the tracer PEG6-IPQA labeled with fluorine F 18 for potential tumor imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the IPQA moiety of fluorine F 18 fluoro-PEG6-IPQA selectively targets and irreversibly binds to the constitutively active mutant L858R of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase, thereby allowing the visualization of tumor cells expressing the active mutant L858R EGFR using PET. This can be used to select EGFR kinase inhibitors that bind in a similar manner as this tracer and may allow individualized therapy for patients that respond well to these types of EGFR kinase inhibitors. The presence of the L858R EGFR mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells is correlated with a better response to EGFR kinase inhibitors compared to wild-type (WT) or L858R/T790M EGFR dual-mutant.

fluorine F 18 fluorothymidine

A radioconjugate consisting of a thymidine analogue radiolabeled with fluorine F 18, a positron emitting isotope. Phosphorylated by S-phase-specific thymidine kinase 1, fluorine F 18 fluorothymidine is trapped intracellularly by entering the salvage pathway of DNA synthesis without incorporation into DNA. 18F-FLT serves a marker of tumor cell proliferation for imaging with positron emission tomography (PET); as a marker of proliferation rather than metabolism, it is more specific to tumor tissue than 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG). This agent is metabolically stable, accumulates in the normal bone marrow and the liver, and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 fluorthanatrace

A radiotracer consisting of an analogue of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor rucaparib radiolabeled with the positron emitting isotope fluorine F 18, which can potentially be used for the imaging of PARP1 expression using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18 fluorthanatrace targets and binds to PARP1. Upon PET, PARP1-expressing tumor cells can be visualized. PARP1, which is overexpressed in many cancer cell types, catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins and plays a key role in the repair of DNA strand breaks. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 FMDHT

A radioconjugate containing a derivative of the androgen testosterone (FMDHT) and labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F 18, with potential use as an imaging agent for positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18 FMDHT binds to the androgen receptor (AR). Upon PET imaging, AR-expressing prostate tumor cells can be imaged and assessed. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 FP-R01-MG-F2

A radiotracer composed of the integrin alphaVbeta6 (aVb6) ligand and cystine knot peptide R01 variant R01-MG-F2 radiolabeled with [18F]-fluoropropionate (F 18 FP), with potential integrin aVb6 imaging activity using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the R01-MG-F2 moiety of fluorine F 18 FP-R01-MG-F2 selectively binds to integrin aVb6-positive cancer cells. During PET, aVb6-expressing tumor cells can be visualized. Integrin aVb6, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is upregulated in certain cancer cell types and has been associated with increased proliferation of tumor cells. The cystine knot peptide shows high stability and allows for rapid and high uptake into aVb6-expressing tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 galacto-RGD peptide

A radiotracer composed of a cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide that is conjugated with galactose and radiolabeled with fluorine 18, for potential noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of alphaVbeta3 integrin expression. Upon administration, the RGD moiety of the fluorine 18 galacto-RGD peptide selectively binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin. During PET imaging, alphaVbeta3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of tumor angiogenesis can be determined. Use of a hydrophilic glycopeptide-based agent may increase retention in the blood and reduce clearance by the liver. This leads to both increased uptake of fluorine 18 galacto-RGD peptide by tumor cells and enhanced PET imaging efficiency, when compared to other agents that are constructed using lipophilic conjugates. AlphaVbeta3 integrin, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is upregulated in tumor vessel endothelial cells and has been associated with proliferation of tumor cells, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 integrin alpha v beta 6-targeted binding peptide

A radiotracer composed of an integrin alphaVbeta6 (aVb6) binding peptide (BP) radiolabeled with the radionuclide fluorine F 18, with potential integrin aVb6 imaging activity using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the fluorine F 18 integrin aVb6-targeted peptide selectively binds to integrin aVb6-positive cancer cells. During PET, aVb6-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of tumor growth can be determined. Integrin aVb6, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is upregulated in certain cancer cell types and has been associated with increased proliferation, migration and invasion of tumor cells.

Fluorine F 18 ISO-1

A radioconjugate consisting of the benzamide ligand ISO-1 labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F18 with positron-emitting radioisotope activity. Upon administration, fluorine [F18]ISO-1 binds to sigma-2 receptors, located on tumor cells, allowing visualization of sigma-2 receptor-expressing tumor cells with positron emission tomography (PET). Sigma-2 receptors, expressed in a variety of normal healthy tissues such as liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, and in the central nervous system, may be overexpressed in tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 L-glutamate derivative BAY94-9392

A radioconjugate composed of the radionuclide fluorine F 18 conjugated to the L-glutamate derivative, (S)-4-(3-fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid (FSPG), targeting the cystine/glutamate transporter protein (xCT or SLC7A11), which is a subunit of the transport system xc(-), with potential imaging activity upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon intravenous administration, the FSPG moiety of BAY94-9392 specifically binds to xCT and BAY94-9392 is subsequently taken up by the cell via xc(-). Upon uptake, xc(-) activity can be assessed and tumor cells can be detected and imaged by PET. System xc(-), a sodium-independent, heterodimeric transporter, mediates the cellular uptake of cystine in exchange for intracellular glutamate at the plasma membrane; although, it will take up glutamate as well. Xc(-) shows increased activity in certain tumor cells compared to normal, healthy cells due to increased metabolic activity in tumor cells; it plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, progression and chemoresistance as well as in the management of oxidative stress. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 ODS2004436

A radioconjugate containing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase tracer ODS2004436 labeled with fluorine F 18 for potential tumor imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of fluorine F 18 ODS2004436, the ODS2004436 moiety selectively targets and binds to forms of EGFR that contain activating mutations. This allows the visualization of tumor cells expressing activating EGFR mutations using PET. This agent can also be utilized in the prediction of responsiveness to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and the selection of patients that respond well to those kinase inhibitors that specifically target forms of EGFR with activating mutations. EGFR-activating mutations play a key role in the development of certain tumors and in tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 RGD-based integrin peptide-polymer AH111585

A small synthetic peptide containing an RGD-sequence (Arg-Gly-Asp) attached to the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18 that may be used to selectively image tumor cells and tumor vasculature by PET imaging. The RGD motif of fluorine F 18 RGD-based integrin peptide-polymer AH111585 selectively binds to the alphaVbeta3 integrin receptor, commonly upregulated on the surfaces of tumor cells and tumor vasculature endothelial cells. This agent may be of use in visualizing and quantifying a decrease in tumor vascularity in response to antiangiogenic agents. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 RGD-K5

A radiotracer composed of a cyclic triazole-containing the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide (RGD-K5) radiolabeled with fluorine F 18, with potential alphaVbeta3 integrin imaging activity upon positron emission topography (PET). Upon administration, the RGD moiety of fluorine F 18 RGD-K5 selectively binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin. During PET, alphaVbeta3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of tumor angiogenesis can be determined. AlphaVbeta3 integrin, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is upregulated in tumor vessel endothelial cells and has been associated with neovascularization, differentiation, proliferation of tumor cells, and metastasis. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 SKI-249380

A radioconjugate composed of a derivative of the multi-targeted kinase inhibitor dasatinib conjugated to the radioisotope fluorine F 18, with potential imaging activity during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of fluorine F 18 SKI-249380, the SKI-249380 moiety targets and binds to Bcr/Abl, SRC-family protein-tyrosine kinases, c-Kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). Upon binding, the fluorine F 18 moiety allows PET imaging of tumor cells and can be used as a tracer for the biodistribution of dasatinib.

fluorine F 18 sodium fluoride

A radiopharmaceutical consisting of the sodium salt of fluorine F 18 fluoride with radioisotopic and bone mineralizing activities. Fluoride binds to calcium ions in hydroxyapatite crystals in bone. The uptake and incorporation of positron-emitting fluorine F 18 fluoride into bone can be imaged using positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), allowing visualization of malignant bone lesions in which regional blood flow and bone turnover are increased. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18 tetrafluoroborate

A radioconjugate composed of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS; SLC5A5) ligand tetrafluoroborate (TFB) labeled with the radionuclide fluorine F 18, with potential use as an imaging agent for NIS-expressing cells upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18 tetrafluoroborate targets, binds to, and is taken up by NIS, which is expressed on the surface of cells in the normal thyroid gland, lactating mammary gland and various tumors. Then, NIS-expressing cells can be visualized and NIS expression levels can be assessed using PET. Since iodides are taken up by NIS, this agent may predict the uptake of radioactive iodine by cancer cells.

fluorine F 18-Al-NOTA-MATBBN

A radioconjugate containing a bombesin (BBN) peptide analog, derived from an unspecified GRPR antagonist (MATBBN) that targets the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), and is linked to the radionuclide fluorine F 18 (18F), by the macrocyclic chelating agent, 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA), through a method that first couples 18F to aluminum (Al), with potential use in diagnostic imaging using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of fluorine F 18-Al-NOTA-MATBBN, the peptide moiety targets and binds to GRPR. Upon PET/CT, GRPR-expressing tumor cells can then be visualized. GRPR, also called bombesin receptor 2 (BB2), is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor belonging to the bombesin receptor family. It is overexpressed in certain types of cancers. Bombesin is a peptide exhibiting high affinity for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18-AV-133

A radioconjugate composed of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) targeting agent AV-133, a dihydrotetrabenazine analog, labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18, that can potentially be used as a tracer using positron emitting tomography (PET) imaging. Upon administration, the AV-133 moiety of fluorine F 18-AV-133 binds to VMATs expressed on monoamine neurons and pancreatic beta-cells within the islets of Langerhans. Upon PET imaging, VMAT2-expressing cells can be detected and the level of functional monoamine neurons can be assessed, which can be used in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, this radiotracer can be used to assess the function of pancreatic beta-cells. VMAT2, a transporter that loads monoamine neurotransmitters into secretory vesicles, is expressed on biogenic amine-containing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and pancreatic beta cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorine F 18-labeled S-(3-Fluoropropyl)homocysteine hydrochloride

The hydrochloride salt form of a radioconjugate composed of a synthetic derivative of the amino acid methionine radiolabeled with fluoride F 18, with potential use as a tumor imaging agent during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18-labeled S-(3-fluoropropyl) homocysteine is preferentially taken up by tumor cells through an amino acid transporter, which is overexpressed by cancer cells. Because tumor cells have a higher rate of proliferation than normal cells, these cancer cells have increased rates of protein synthesis and thus an increased demand for amino acids. This allows for visualization of tumors cells upon PET. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fluorofur

(Other name for: tegafur)

Fluoroplex

(Other name for: topical fluorouracil)

fluorouracil implant

An implant containing a sustained release particle of fluorouracil, an antimetabolite fluoropyrimidine analog of the nucleoside pyrimidine, with antineoplastic activity. Upon implantation and subsequent release, fluorouracil is converted into the active metabolite 5-fluoroxyuridine monophosphate that competes with the pyrimidine uracil during RNA synthesis while another active metabolite, 5-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate, inhibits thymidylate synthase and thus DNA synthesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorouracil injection

An antimetabolite fluoropyrimidine analog of the nucleoside pyrimidine with antineoplastic activity. Fluorouracil and its metabolites possess a number of different mechanisms of action. In vivo, fluoruracil is converted to the active metabolite 5-fluoroxyuridine monophosphate (F-UMP); replacing uracil, F-UMP incorporates into RNA and inhibits RNA processing, thereby inhibiting cell growth. Another active metabolite, 5-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate (F-dUMP), inhibits thymidylate synthase, resulting in the depletion of thymidine triphosphate (TTP), one of the four nucleotide triphosphates used in the in vivo synthesis of DNA. Other fluorouracil metabolites incorporate into both RNA and DNA; incorporation into RNA results in major effects on both RNA processing and functions. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluorouracil-e therapeutic implant

An injectable collagen matrix gel containing the antimetabolite fluorouracil and the sympathicomimetic agent epinephrine with potential antineoplastic activity. After intratumoral injection, fluorouracil is converted into the active metabolite 5-fluoroxyuridine monophosphate that competes with uracil during RNA synthesis while another active metabolite, 5-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate, inhibits thymidylate synthase and, so, DNA synthesis. Epinephrine, a potent vasoconstrictor, is added to the gel to enhance penetration of fluorouracil into tumor tissue and reduce dispersion to surrounding tissues, thus enhancing the local concentration of fluorouracil. Compared to systemic administration, the intratumoral injection of fluorouracil combined with epinephrine may increase fluorouracil's chemotherapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluoxymesterone

A halogenated derivative of 17-alpha-methyltestosterone. Similar to testosterone, fluoxymesterone binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an increase in protein anabolism, a decrease in amino acid catabolism, and retention of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. This agent also may competitively inhibit prolactin receptors and estrogen receptors, thereby inhibiting the growth of hormone-dependent tumor lines. Fluoxymesterone is approximately five times more potent than methyltestosterone. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluphenazine hydrochloride

The hydrochloride salt of fluphenazine, a phenothiazine with antipsychotic activity and potential antineoplastic activity. Fluphenazine blocks postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors in the limbic system, cortical system and basal ganglia, resulting a reduction of schizophrenia-associated hallucinations and delusions. In addition, as a serotonin antagonist, this agent may inhibit lymphocyte and myeloma cell proliferation by blocking 5-hydroxytrptamine type 1B (5-HT type 1B) receptors for serotonin. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

flurbiprofen

A derivative of propionic acid, and a phenylalkanoic acid derivative of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic effects. Flurbiprofen non-selectively binds to and inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX). This results in a reduction of arachidonic acid conversion into prostaglandins that are involved in the regulation of pain, inflammation and fever. This NSAID also inhibits carbonic anhydrase, thereby reducing the production of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. Upon ocular administration, flurbiprofen may reduce bicarbonate ion concentrations leading to a decrease in the production of aqueous humor, thereby lowering intraocular pressure. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Flurizan

(Other name for: tarenflurbil)

Flushield

(Other name for: trivalent influenza vaccine)

flutamide

A toluidine derivative and nonsteroidal antiandrogen that is structurally related to bicalutamide and nilutamide. Flutamide and its more potent active metabolite 2-hydroxyflutamide competitively block dihydrotestosterone binding at androgen receptors, forming inactive complexes which cannot translocate into the cell nucleus. Formation of inactive receptors inhibits androgen-dependent DNA and protein synthesis, resulting in tumor cell growth arrest or transient tumor regression. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

flutemetamol F-18

A radiopharmaceutical containing flutemetamol, a thioflavin derivative of Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F18 that can be used to detect beta-amyloid deposition upon positron emission tomography (PET). After intravenous administration of flutemetamol F 18, the flutemetamol moiety selectively accumulates in and binds to cerebral fibrillar amyloid-beta in the brain. The fluorine F18 radioisotope moiety is detected using PET, which allows imaging and quantification of amyloid-beta density. Amyloid plaque deposition is linked to cognitive decline, including Alzheimer’s disease, and may be linked to chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluticasone propionate

The propionate salt form of fluticasone, a synthetic trifluorinated glucocorticoid receptor agonist with antiallergic, antiinflammatory and antipruritic effects. Binding and activation of the glucocorticoid receptor results in the activation of lipocortin that in turn inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2, which triggers cascade of reactions involved in synthesis of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Secondly, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 is induced, thereby leads to dephosphorylation and inactivation of Jun N-terminal kinase directly inhibiting c-Jun mediated transcription. Finally, transcriptional activity of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa-B is blocked, thereby inhibits the transcription of cyclooxygenase 2, which is essential for prostaglandin production. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

fluvastatin sodium

The sodium salt of a synthetic lipid-lowering agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Fluvastatin competitively inhibits hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. This agent lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels, and modulates immune responses through the suppression of MHC II (major histocompatibility complex II) on interferon gamma-stimulated, antigen-presenting cells such as human vascular endothelial cells. Through the inhibition of mevalonate synthesis, statins, like fluvastatin, have been shown to inhibit the production of dolichol, geranylpyrophosphate (GPP) and farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) and the isoprenylation of the intracellular G-proteins Ras and Rho, which may result in antiangiogenic, apoptotic, and antimetastatic effects in susceptible tumor cell populations. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fluvirin

(Other name for: trivalent influenza vaccine)

fluvoxamine maleate

The maleate salt form of fluvoxamine, a 2-aminoethyl oxime ether of aralkylketones, with antidepressant, antiobsessive-compulsive, and antibulimic activities. Fluvoxamine blocks serotonin reuptake by inhibiting the serotonin reuptake pump of the presynaptic neuronal membrane leading to an increase of serotonin levels within the synaptic cleft. This results in facilitated serotonergic transmission and decreased serotonin turnover leading to antidepressant and antiobsessive-compulsive effects. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fluzone

(Other name for: trivalent influenza vaccine)

fluzoparib

An orally available inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) types 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, fluzoparib inhibits PARP 1 and 2 activity, which inhibits PARP-mediated repair of damaged DNA via the base excision repair (BER) pathway, enhances the accumulation of DNA strand breaks, promotes genomic instability, and leads to an induction of apoptosis. The PARP family of proteins catalyze post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins, which then transduce signals to recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA. PARP inhibition may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and may reverse tumor cell chemoresistance and radioresistance. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FMS inhibitor JNJ-40346527

A small molecule and orally available inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R; FMS) with potential antineoplastic activity. FMS tyrosine kinase inhibitor JNJ-40346527 blocks the receptor-ligand interaction between FMS and its ligand CSF1, thereby preventing autophosphorylation of FMS. As a result, unphosphorylated FMS cannot activate FMS-mediated signaling pathways, thus potentially inhibiting cell proliferation in FMS-overexpressed tumor cells. FMS, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed in certain tumor cell types and plays an essential role in macrophage differentiation, recruitment, and activation as well as the regulation of cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Fms/Trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor PLX7486

The tosylate salt form of PLX7486, a selective inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R; fms) and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor types 1, 2 and 3 (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC, respectively) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, PLX7486 binds to and inhibits the activity of these tyrosine kinases. This inhibits Fms and Trk-mediated signaling transduction pathways that are upregulated in certain cancer cell types. This may eventually halt tumor cell proliferation in Fms and TrkA, TrkB, and/or TrkC-overexpressing tumor cells. Fms and TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC are receptor tyrosine kinases that are upregulated or mutated in a variety of tumors and promote tumor cell proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

folate binding protein E39 peptide vaccine

A cancer vaccine comprised of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A2 restricted folate binding protein (FBP) epitope E39 (amino acids 191 to 199), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activity. Upon intradermal injection, FBP E39 peptide vaccine may induce a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against FBP-expressing tumor cell types. FBP is a membrane-bound, tumor-associated antigen highly overexpressed in various tumor cell types, such as in breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers; E 39 is a strong immunogenic peptide. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

folate binding protein J65 peptide vaccine

A cancer vaccine comprised of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted folate binding protein (FBP) epitope J65 (9 amino acids; EIWTFSTKV), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal injection, FBP J65 peptide vaccine may induce a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against J65 FBP-expressing tumor cell types. FBP is a membrane-bound, tumor-associated antigen overexpressed in various tumor types, including breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers. J65 is a strongly immunogenic peptide. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

folate receptor alpha-loaded dendritic cell vaccine

A cell-based vaccine composed of autologous-monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with five immunogenic peptide epitopes, derived from the tumor-associated antigen human folate receptor alpha (FR alpha or FOLR1), including FR30, FR56, FR76, FR113, and FR238, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activity. Ex vivo treatment of the DCs with a p38 inhibitor decreases p38-mediated signaling and enhances ERK activation. This may allow, upon intradermal administration of the multi-epitope FR alpha-loaded DC vaccine into the patient, for decreased activation and expansion of CD4+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs), increased differentiation and expansion of interleukin-17 secreting T helper cells (Th17) and activation of CD8+ CTLs, which induces a strong anti-tumor T-cell immune response against FR alpha-overexpressing tumor cells. FR alpha is a high-affinity folate-binding protein and a member of the folate receptor family; this receptor is overexpressed in the majority of ovarian cancers and in about approximately 50% of breast cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

folate receptor-targeted epothilone BMS753493

A folate receptor-targeting antimitotic agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Folate receptor-targeted epothilone BMS753493 contains an epothilone moiety linked to a single folate molecule. Mediated through the folate moiety, this agent delivers the antimitotic epothilone component into cells expressing folic acid receptors, frequently upregulated in many types of tumor cells. After ligand-receptor internalization, the epothilone moiety induces microtubule polymerization and stabilizes microtubules against depolymerization, resulting in the inhibition of mitosis and cellular proliferation. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

folate receptor-targeted technetium Tc 99m EC20

A folate receptor-targeting radiopharmaceutical consisting of a folate-containing tetrapeptide chelator to which technetium Tc 99m is linked. The folate component of folate receptor-targeted technetium Tc 99m EC20 binds to folic acid receptors, which are frequently upregulated in many types of tumor cells and activated macrophages. Gamma scintigraphy may then be used to image folate receptor-positive tumors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

folate receptor-targeted tubulysin conjugate EC1456

An injectable targeted small molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) consisting of folate (vitamin B9) covalently linked to the potent mitotic poison and cytotoxic agent, tubulysin B hydrazide (Tub-B-H) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the folate moiety of folate receptor-targeted tubulysin conjugate EC1456 preferentially binds to tumor cells expressing folate receptors (FR). After binding to FR, the agent is internalized by tumor cells and the Tub-B-H moiety inhibits the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules. This may lead to both cell cycle arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. FR, the membrane-bound, high-affinity receptor for folate, is overexpressed on a wide range of primary and metastatic human cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

folate receptor-targeted vinca alkaloid EC0489

A folate receptor-targeting cytotoxic drug conjugate consisting of a folate vitamin analogue linked to a vinca alkaloid microtubule destabilizing agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Mediated through its folate moiety, folate receptor-targeted Vinca alkaloid EC0489 delivers the cytotoxic vinca alkaloid moiety directly to cells expressing folic acid receptors, frequently upregulated in many types of tumor cells. After ligand-receptor internalization, the vinca alkaloid moiety binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly-disassembly dynamics, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The relative tumor cell specificity of this agent reduces the toxicity profile of its Vinca alkaloid moiety. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

folate receptor-targeted vinca alkaloid/mitomycin C EC0225

A folate receptor-targeting cytotoxic agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Folate receptor-targeted vinca alkaloid/mitomycin C EC0225 contains two potent cytotoxic agents, a vinca alkaloid and mitomycin C, linked to a single folate molecule. Mediated through the folate moiety, this agent delivers the cytotoxic agents directly into cells expressing folic acid receptors, frequently upregulated in many types of tumor cells. After ligand-receptor internalization, the vinca alkaloid moiety binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly-disassembly dynamics, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Mitomycin C alkylates DNA, producing DNA cross-links and inhibiting DNA replication. The relative tumor cell specificity of EC0225 reduces the toxicity profiles of its cytotoxic agent moieties. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

folate-FITC

A conjugate consisting of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated with folate with potential antineoplastic activity. Folate-FITC binds to folate receptors, which are overexpressed on the surfaces of many cancer cells including kidney and ovarian cancer cells. Once bound to the cancer cell through the folate moiety of the conjugate, curculating anti-fluorescein antibodies.may recognize and bind to the FITC moiety, resulting in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

FOLFIRI regimen

A chemotherapy regimen consisting of leucovorin calcium (calcium folinate), 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan used in the treatment of advanced-stage and metastatic colorectal cancer. (NCI Thesaurus)

FOLFIRI-bevacizumab regimen

A first-line chemotherapy regimen consisting of folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil, irinotecan and bevacizumab used for the treatment of advanced-stage colorectal cancer. (NCI Thesaurus)

FOLFIRI-cetuximab regimen

A chemoimmunotherapy regimen consisting of leucovorin (folinic acid), 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan plus cetuximab used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer that is positive for the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the wild-type form of KRAS. (NCI Thesaurus)

FOLFIRINOX regimen

A regimen consisting of leucovorin calcium, fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and oxaliplatin used for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. (NCI Thesaurus)