NCI Drug Dictionary - National Cancer Institute | g/G/1

NCI Drug Dictionary - National Cancer Institute

223 results found for: G

G2 checkpoint inhibitor CBP501

A peptide with G2 checkpoint-abrogating activity. G2 checkpoint inhibitor CBP501 inhibits multiple serine/threonine kinases, including MAPKAP-K2, C-Tak1, and CHK1, that phosphorylate serine 216 of the dual-specific phosphatase Cdc25C (cell division checkpoint 25 C); disruption of Cdc25C activity results in the inhibition of Cdc25C dephosphorylation of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase complex Cdc2/cyclin B, preventing entry into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

G207

A neuroattenuated, replication-competent, recombinant herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) with potential oncolytic activity. Upon intracerebral administration, oncolytic HSV-1 G207 preferentially replicates within glioma cells, which may elicit tumor-specific systemic immune and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in addition to direct cytopathic effects. Derived from wild-type HSV-1 strain F, this agent has been neuroattenuated by deletions in both copies of the gamma34.5 gene, the major determinant of HSV neurovirulence. In addition, the HSV-1 gene UL39, encoding the viral ribonucleotide reductase large subunit infected cell protein 6 (ICP6), has been inactivated through the insertion of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene. By inactivating UL39, viral ribonucleotide reductase activity is disrupted, resulting in the inhibition of nucleotide metabolism and viral DNA synthesis in nondividing cells but not in dividing cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

G250 peptide vaccine

A cancer vaccine containing of a synthetic form of the renal cell carcinoma (RCC)-associated antigen G250 with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with G250 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells positive for the G250 antigen, resulting in decreased tumor growth. Found in the majority of renal cell carcinomas, G250 is a cell surface tumor-associated antigen (TAA) that contains an HLA-A2.1-restricted epitope that is recognized by CTLs. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ga-68-labeled F(ab') 2- trastuzumab

A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of a trastuzumab fragment labeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope gallium Ga 68 with radioisotopic and antibody activities. Upon administration, Ga-68-labeled F(ab')2-trastuzumab may bind to HER2-positive tumor cells, allowing radioimmunolocalization with positron emission tomography (PET). Trastuzumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), overexpressed by many adenocarcinomas, particularly breast adenocarcinomas. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gabapentin

A synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid with anticonvulsant activity. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, gabapentin appears to inhibit excitatory neuron activity. This agent also exhibits analgesic properties. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gadavist

(Other name for: gadobutrol)

gadobenate dimeglumine

A gadolinium-based paramagnetic contrast agent. When placed in a magnetic field, gadobenate dimeglumine produces a large magnetic moment and so a large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rate of nearby protons; as a result, the signal intensity of tissue images observed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be enhanced. Because this agent is preferentially taken up by normal functioning hepatocytes, normal hepatic tissue is enhanced with MRI while tumor tissue is unenhanced. In addition, because gadobenate dimeglumine is excreted in the bile, it may be used to visualize the biliary system using MRI. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gadobutrol

A gadolinium-based, hydrophilic, macrocyclic, electrically neutral contrast agent used in contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI). Gadobutrol is a non-ionic, paramagnetic complex consisting of gadolinium (Gd3+) chelated with the macrocyclic compound dihydroxy-hydroxymethylpropyl-tetraazacyclododecane-triacetic acid (butrol). Following intravenous administration, gadobutrol may increase MRI sensitivity for the detection of tumors and inflammatory and demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) which are associated with areas with blood-brain barrier defects due to altered perfusion or an enlarged extracellular space. This agent is eliminated in an unchanged form via the kidneys; extra-renal elimination is negligible. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gadodiamide

A paramagnetic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA), with imaging activity upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). When placed in a magnetic field, gadodiamide generates a large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rate of nearby protons. This change in proton relaxation dynamics, iincreases the MRI signal intensity of tissues in which gadodiamide has accumulated; therefore, visualization of those tissues is enhanced. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gadofosveset trisodium

The trisodium salt form of gadofosveset, an injectable, intravascular, amphiphilic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) used with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) imaging. Gadofosveset is a stable gadolinium diethylenet triaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) chelate derivative with a diphenylcyclohe xylphosphate group. Upon injection, gadofosveset binds reversibly to endogenous serum albumin which increases its intravascular retention time compared to non-protein binding contrast agents. The serum albumin binding also increases T1-relaxivity of gadofosveset. This produces an increase in signal intensity of blood, thereby enhancing the visualization of blood vessels upon MRA and may aid in the diagnosis of certain blood vessels and heart disorders. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gadolinium-based contrast agent P03277

A gadolinium-based paramagnetic contrast agent, with potential imaging enhancing activity upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Upon administration of P03277 and placement in a magnetic field, this agent produces a large magnetic moment and creates a large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rate of nearby protons. This change in proton relaxation dynamics, increases the MRI signal intensity of tissues in which this agent has accumulated; therefore, contrast and visualization of those tissues is enhanced compared to unenhanced MRI. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gadolinium-chelate

A coordination complex consisting of a gadolinium ion bound to a hexadentate organic chelating agent such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Chelates of gadolinium are frequently utilized as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents and can be used to track nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gadopentetate dimeglumine

A gadolinium complex of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid with ionic paramagnetic properties. Gadopentetate dimeglumine may provide contrast enhancement during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of intracranial lesions with abnormal vascularity or of abnormalities in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gadoterate meglumine

A gadolinium chelate paramagnetic contrast agent. When placed in a magnetic field, gadoterate meglumine produces a large magnetic moment and so a large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rate of nearby protons; as a result, the signal intensity of tissue images observed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be enhanced. Because this agent is preferentially taken up by normal functioning hepatocytes, normal hepatic tissue is enhanced with MRI while tumor tissue is unenhanced. In addition, because gadobenate dimeglumine is excreted in the bile, it may be used to visualize the biliary system using MRI. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gadovist

(Other name for: gadobutrol)

gadoxetate disodium

A paramagnetic contrast agent consisting of the disodium salt of the gadolinium ion chelated with the lipophilic moiety ethoxybenzyl (EOB) bound to diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). When placed in a magnetic field, gadolinium produces a large magnetic moment and so a large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rate of nearby protons; as a result, the signal intensity of tissue images observed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be enhanced. Because this agent is preferentially taken up by normal functioning hepatocytes, normal hepatic tissue is enhanced with MRI while tumor tissue is unenhanced. In addition, because this agent is excreted in the bile, it may be used to visualize the biliary system using MRI. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gag:267-274 peptide vaccine

A peptide vaccine containing the amino acids 267 through 274 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gag core protein (gag:267-274), with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon vaccination, the immune system may exert a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the xenoantigen gag:267-274 and produces pro-inflammatory cytokines. The concomitant administration of a cancer peptide vaccine may benefit from an already activated immune system and may augment an immune response against the administered tumor associated antigen(s). Gag:267-274 peptide is highly immunogenic and may potentially be used as a cancer immunoadjuvant. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

galactomannan derivative

A carbohydrate polymer composed of mannose and galactose, with chemotherapeutic enhancing activity. Galactomannan derivative binds to galectins on cell surfaces and may promote the transport of certain chemotherapeutics, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), into tumor cells. This may increase the antineoplastic effect of 5-FU when administered concomitantly. Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins, upregulated on the surface of certain types of tumor cells, and may mediate cell association, survival and metastasis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

galactose

A hexose which is almost identical to glucose except that orientation of -H and -OH on carbon 4 are exchanged, making it an epimer at C-4 of glucose (in Fisher projection). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

galantamine hydrobromide

The hydrobromide salt form of galantamine, a tertiary alkaloid obtained synthetically or naturally from the bulbs and flowers of Narcissus and several other genera of the Amaryllidaceae family with anticholinesterase and neurocognitive-enhancing activities. Galantamine competitively and reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, thereby increasing the concentration and enhancing the action of acetylcholine (Ach). In addition, galantamine is a ligand for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which may increase the presynaptic release of Ach and activate postsynaptic receptors. This agent may improve neurocognitive function in mild and moderate Alzheimer' s disease and may reduce abstinence-induced cognitive symptoms that promote smoking relapse.

galectin inhibitor GR-MD-02

A carbohydrate-based galectin inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Galectin inhibitor GR-MD-02 binds to the carbohydrate-binding domain of galectins, especially galectin-3, and may result in an induction of apoptosis mediated through activation of both mitochondria and caspases. This may reduce tumor growth in galectin-overexpressing tumor cells. Galectins, often overexpressed on tumor cells, play a key role in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis and evasion of immune responses. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

galectin-1 inhibitor OTX008

A calixarene-based compound and galectin-1 (Gal-1) inhibitor with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, galectin-1 inhibitor OTX008 binds Gal-1 which leads to Gal-1 oxidation and proteosomal degradation through a not yet fully elucidated mechanism, and eventually downregulates Gal-1. This decreases tumor cell growth and inhibits angiogenesis. Gal-1, a multifunctional carbohydrate-binding protein, is often overexpressed on tumor cells and plays a key role in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis and evasion of immune responses. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

galeterone

An orally bioavailable small-molecule androgen receptor modulator and CYP17 lyase inhibitor with potential antiandrogen activity. Galeterone exhibits three distinct mechanisms of action: 1) as an androgen receptor antagonist, 2) as a CYP17 lyase inhibitor and 3) by decreasing overall androgen receptor levels in prostate cancer tumors, all of which may result in a decrease in androgen-dependent growth signaling. Localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17 (P450C17 or CYP17A1) exhibits both 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, and plays a key role in the steroidogenic pathway that produces progestins, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

galiximab

A humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against CD80, the natural ligand for the T-cell antigen CD28 which mediates T-cell and B-cell adhesion. Galiximab binds to CD80 expressed on the cell surfaces of follicular lymphomas, resulting in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). CD80 is expressed on activated B-cells and gamma-interferon-stimulated monocytes and is often expressed at low levels on the surfaces of follicular lymphoma cells and other lymphoid malignancies. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium citrate Ga 67

The citrate salt of the radioisotope gallium Ga 67. Although the mechanism is unknown, gallium Ga 67 concentrates in lysosomes and is bound to a soluble intracellular protein in certain viable primary and metastatic tumors and focal sites of inflammation, allowing scintigraphic localization. Ga-67 scintigraphy (GS) cannot differentiate between tumor and acute inflammation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68 citrate

A radiopharmaceutical citrate salt form of the positron-emitting radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with potential imaging activity upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of Gallium Ga 68 citrate, the gallium Ga 3+ ion dissociates from the weak citrate chelator. As Ga3+ is very similar to iron (Fe3+) in chemical properties, this ion acts as an iron analogue. Ga3+ binds to the iron-binding protein transferrin, distributes in blood, and enters and accumulates in the extracellular fluid space of inflamed or tumor-bearing tissue. In turn, the Ga3+-transferrin complex binds to transferrin receptors and is taken up by tumor cells. Tumor cells can then be imaged upon PET. Compared to healthy cells, tumor cells have increased iron metabolism and transferrin receptor expression. Increased Ga3+ uptake is seen in inflamed and infected tissues as well. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68 OPS202

A radioconjugate consisting of the somatostatin antagonistic peptide OPS202 that is labeled with the positron-emitting radionuclide gallium Ga 68, which may be used as a somatostatin receptor (SSTR) imaging agent in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) to image neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Gallium Ga 68 OPS202 binds to SSTR subtype 2 present on the cell membranes of many types of NETs. This allows for visualization of SSTR-positive cells upon imaging. SSTR subtypes have been shown to be present in large numbers on NETs and their metastases, while most other normal tissues express low levels of SSTR subtypes.

gallium Ga 68 P15-041

A radiotracer composed of a bone targeting agent P15-041 linked to the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with potential imaging activity upon positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). Upon administration, the P15-041 moiety targets, through an as of yet unknown mechanism of action, a certain target expressed by bone and, upon PET/CT, bone metastases can be imaged. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68 pentixafor

A radioconjugate composed of a synthetic, cyclic pentapeptide analog of stromal-cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12), which is a ligand for chemokine receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), that is radiolabeled, via the macrocyclic chelating agent dodecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA), with the radioisotope gallium Ga 68 (Ga68; 68Ga), with potential use for imaging CXCR4-expressing cells upon positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). Upon administration of 68Ga pentixafor, the pentixafor moiety targets and binds to CXCR4-expressing cancer cells. Upon PET/CT, CXCR4-expressing cancer cells can be visualized and the expression status of the receptor can be assessed. CXCR4, a marker of poorly differentiated cells, is overexpressed on various cancer cells, and plays a key role in tumor growth, progression, invasiveness and metastasis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-DOTA-exendin-4

A radiopharmaceutical composed of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist exendin-4 linked by the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to the positron-emitting radionuclide gallium Ga 68, with potential use in diagnostic imaging upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68-DOTA-exendin-4, the exendin-4 moiety binds to GLP-1R and is subsequently internalized. The radionuclide moiety can be detected using PET and GLP-1R-expressing tumors can be localized. GLP-1R, located on beta cells, is overexpressed on insulinomas, which are insulin-secreting neuroendocrine tumors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-DOTANOC

A gallium Ga 68-radiolabeled analogue of somatostatin that may be used in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) to image neuroendocrine tumors and metastases. Gallium Ga 68-DOTANOC is a conjugate of the somatostatin analogue 1-Nal3-octreotide (NOC) and gallium Ga 68-labeled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). The somatostatin analogue NOC has a high affinity for somatostatin receptor subtypes 2, 3, and 5; these receptor subtypes have been shown to be present in large numbers on neuroendocrine tumors and their metastases, while most other normal tissues express low levels of these somatostatin receptor subtypes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-DOTATATE

A radioconjugate consisting of the somatostatin analogue tyrosine-3-octreotate (Tyr3-octreotate or TATE) labeled with the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer gallium Ga 68 via the macrocyclic chelating agent dodecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA), which may be used as a somatostatin receptor (SSTR) imaging agent in conjunction with PET to image neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Gallium Ga 68-DOTATATE binds to SSTRs, with a much higher affinity for type 2 SSTR, present on the cell membranes of many types of NETs. This allows for visualization of SSTR-positive cells upon imaging. SSTR subtypes have been shown to be present in large numbers on NETs and their metastases, while most other normal tissues express low levels of SSTR subtypes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-edotreotide

A radioconjugate consisting of the octreotide derivative edotreotide labeled with gallium 68 (Ga-68) with potential application in somatostatin receptor (SSTR) imaging in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET). Similar to octreotide, gallium Ga 68-edotreotide binds to SSTRs, especially type 2 receptors, present on the cell membranes of many types of neuroendocrine tumor cells and their metastases, thereby allowing for imaging of SSTR-expressing cells upon PET. Gallium Ga 68-edotreotide is produced by substituting tyrosine for phenylalanine at the 3 position of the somatostatin analogue octreotide (Tyr3-octreotide or TOC) and chelating the substituted octreotide to Ga-68 via the macrocyclic chelating agent dodecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA).

gallium Ga 68-labeled affibody molecule ABY-025

A radioconjugate composed of an optimized affibody conjugated, via its C-terminal cysteine, to maleimide-DOTA, and linked to the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with potential use as a tracer for human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2; ErbB2)-expressing tumors using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon intravenous administration of the gallium Ga 68-labeled affibody ABY-025, the affibody targets HER2-expressing tumor cells. This facilitates both detection of HER2-expressing tumor cells and assessment of responses to HER2-targeting chemotherapeutic agents during PET imaging. The affibody is an optimized antibody mimetic based on a 6.5-kDa 3-helical bundle Z domain derived from the staphylococcal protein A (Z her2:342); the nonbinding surface of the Z domain is reengineered (Z her2:2891) to increase binding affinity for HER2 and to improve tumor imaging. HER2 is overexpressed in many cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-labeled BNOTA-PRGD2

A radiopharmaceutical agent comprised of a pegylated arginine-glycine-aspartic acid dimer (PRGD2) labeled with gallium Ga 68, with potential alphaVbeta3 integrin imaging activity upon positron emission topography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). This radiopharmaceutical is prepared by conjugating PRGD2 with chelator S-2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (BNOTA) which is capable of forming a six-coordinate complex with Ga 68. After intravenous administration, gallium Ga 68-labeled BNOTA-PRGD2 binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin on the cell membrane via the cyclic tri-amino acids RGD motif. Upon PET imaging, alphaVbeta3 integrin-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and expression levels can be quantified. Compared to other radiolabeled RGD-containing peptides, this agent shows increased affinity to alphaVbeta3 integrin, enhanced tumor uptake as well as improved pharmacokinetics. alphaVbeta3 integrin is overexpressed on certain tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells while minimally or not expressed on healthy, normal cells and plays a key role in angiogenesis, tumor proliferation and survival.

gallium Ga 68-labeled DOTA Di-HSG peptide IMP-288

A radiolabeled divalent histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG) hapten-peptide linked with the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to the radionuclide gallium (Ga) 68 with potential use in diagnostic imaging. After pretargeting with a bispecific monoclonal antibody (BiMoAB) directed against both a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and the HSG hapten-peptide, the HSG portion of administered gallium Ga 68-labeled di-HSG-DOTA peptide IMP-288 binds the anti-HSG portion of the BiMoAB; Ga-68 radioisotopic activity localized to tumor cells bearing the TAA can then be visualized upon positron emission tomography (PET). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-labeled GRPR antagonist BAY86-7548

A radioconjugate containing a synthetic bombesin receptor antagonist targeting the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), that is linked by the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to the radionuclide gallium (Ga) 68, with potential use in diagnostic imaging using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68 GRPR antagonist BAY86-7548, the peptide moiety targets and binds to GRPR. Upon PET/CT, GRPR-expressing tumor cells can then be visualized. GRPR, also called bombesin receptor 2 (BB2), is a G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor belonging to the bombesin receptor family. It is overexpressed in certain types of cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-labeled MLN6907

A radioconjugate containing a monoclonal antibody directed against guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) labeled with the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of MLN6907 selectively binds to GCC, a transmembrane receptor normally found on intestinal cells and dopaminergic neurons in the brain, that is also overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Upon internalization of the agent and PET, tumors expressing GCC can be visualized. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-labeled NODAGA-MJ9

A radiopharmaceutical agent comprised of a peptide targeting the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) chelated with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7 acetic acid (NODAGA) and radiolabeled with gallium Ga 68, with potential tumor imaging activity upon positron emission tomography (PET). After administration of gallium Ga 68-labeled-NODAGA-MJ9, the MJ9 moiety binds to GRPR located on tumor cells. Upon PET imaging, GRPR-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and expression levels can be quantified. GRPR is overexpressed on certain tumor cells and plays a key role in tumor proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-labeled PSMA-11

A radioconjugate composed of a human prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting ligand, Glu-urea-Lys(Ahx) (Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys(Ahx)), conjugated, via the acyclic radiometal chelator N,N'-bis [2-hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl] ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (HBED-CC), to the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with potential use as a tracer for PSMA-expressing tumors during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon intravenous administration of gallium Ga 68-labeled PSMA-11, the Glu-urea-Lys(Ahx) moiety targets and binds to PSMA-expressing tumor cells. Upon internalization, PSMA-expressing tumor cells can be detected during PET imaging. PSMA, a tumor-associated antigen and type II transmembrane protein, is expressed on the membrane of prostatic epithelial cells and overexpressed on prostate tumor cells. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-NEB

A radiotracer composed of a truncated form of the azo dye Evans blue (EB) conjugated, via a 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N"-triacetic acid (NOTA) linker (NEB), to the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with potential blood pool imaging activity for use in positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68-NEB, the NEB moiety, which has high affinity for serum albumin, targets and forms a complex with albumin. Upon PET, the lymph nodes (LN) and lymphatic vessels as well as other desired tissues can be visualized. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-NODAGA-Ac-Cys-ZEGFR:1907

A radiolabeled recombinant EGFR-specific affibody molecule composed of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting protein, the anti-EGFR affibody ZEGFR:1907 with an acetylated cysteine (Ac-Cys) at the N terminal of the affibody, and conjugated to the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, via the chelating agent NODAGA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid), with potential use for imaging EGFR-expressing tumor cells upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68-NODAGA-Ac-Cys-ZEGFR:1907, the ZEGFR:1907 affibody molecule moiety targets and binds to the extracellular domain (ECD) of EGFR expressed on various tumor cell types. Upon PET, EGFR-expressing tumor cells can be visualized. EGFR, frequently overexpressed in cancers, plays important roles in cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration, and differentiation. The affibody protein scaffold is based on the Z-domain, which is derived from one of the immunoglobulin (Ig) G-binding domains of staphylococcal protein A. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-NODAGA-E(c[RGDyK])2

A radiopharmaceutical agent composed of a dimeric cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-based peptide (c[RGDyK]) and labeled, via the chelating agent 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA), with gallium Ga 68, with potential alphaVbeta3 (aVb3) integrin imaging activity upon positron emission topography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). After intravenous administration of gallium Ga 68-NODAGA-E(c[RGDyK])2, the cyclic RGD moiety targets and binds to aVb3 integrin which is expressed on the cell membrane of tumor cells and tumor-resident endothelial cells. Upon imaging, aVb3 integrin-expressing cells can be visualized and expression levels can be quantified. This can be used to assess response to anti-angiogenic treatment. aVb3 integrin is overexpressed on certain tumor cells and tumor-resident endothelial cells, while minimally or not expressed on healthy, normal cells; aVb3 integrin plays a key role in angiogenesis, tumor proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-NODAGA-ZIGF-1R:4：40

A radiolabeled recombinant insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R; IGF1R)-specific affibody ligand composed of an IGF1R-targeting protein, the anti-IGF1R affibody ZIGF-1R:4:40 with an acetylated cysteine (Ac-Cys) at the N terminal of the affibody, that is site-specifically conjugated with the chelating agent NODAGA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid), and labeled with the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with potential use for imaging IGF1R-expressing tumor cells upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68-NODAGA-ZIGF-1R:4:40, the ZIGF-1R:4:40 affibody molecule moiety targets and binds to IGF1R expressed on various tumor cell types. Upon PET, IGF1R-expressing tumor cells can be visualized. IGF1R, frequently overexpressed in cancers, plays important roles in cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration, and differentiation. The affibody protein scaffold is based on the Z-domain, which is derived from one of the immunoglobulin (Ig) G-binding domains of staphylococcal protein A. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-NOTA-3PTATE-RGD

A radiopharmaceutical agent composed of a modified form of the somatostatin analogue octreotate (TATE), linked, via a glutamate linker, to the cyclic tri-amino acid arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif (3PTATE-RGD), and labeled, via the macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA) with the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with potential somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) and alphaVbeta3 (aVb3) integrin imaging activity upon positron emission topography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). After intravenous administration, gallium Ga 68-NOTA-3PTATE-RGD simultaneously binds to SSTR, with its TATE moiety (with a preference for SSTR2), and to the integrin receptor aVb3 with its RGD moiety. Both SSTR2 and aVb3 are expressed on the membrane of certain tumor cells while minimally or not expressed on healthy, normal cells. Upon PET imaging, SSTR2- and aVb3 integrin-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and expression levels can be quantified. SSTR2 and aVb3 play key roles in tumor proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-NOTA-Aca-BBN(7-14)

A radioconjugate containing the bombesin (BBN) fragment BBN(7-14) comprised of the amino acid sequence of Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-Met-NH2, which targets the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), bound to aminocaproic acid (Aca), and linked by the macrocyclic chelating agent, 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA), to the radionuclide gallium (Ga) 68, with potential use in diagnostic imaging using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68-NOTA-Aca-BBN(7-14), the peptide moiety targets and binds to GRPR. Upon PET/CT, GRPR-expressing tumor cells can then be visualized. GRPR, also called bombesin receptor 2 (BB2), is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor belonging to the bombesin receptor family. It is overexpressed in certain types of cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-NOTA-AE105

A radiotracer composed of AE105, an urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) peptide antagonist, conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA) and labeled with the radionuclide gallium Ga 68, with potential imaging activity using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the AE105 moiety of gallium Ga 68-NOTA-AE105 targets and binds, with high affinity, to uPAR expressed on tumor cells. Upon PET imaging, uPAR-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of tumor aggressiveness can be assessed. uPAR expression is correlated with increased tumor invasiveness and aggressiveness, as well as a poor prognosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-NOTA-BBN-RGD

A radioconjugate containing the bombesin (BBN) fragment BBN(7-14) comprised of the amino acid sequence Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-Met-NH2, which targets the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), and linked, via a glutamate linker, to the cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence-based peptide cyclo[Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys] (c(RGDyK)), which targets integrin alphaVbeta3 (aVb3), and labeled with the radionuclide gallium (Ga) 68 through the macrocyclic chelating agent, 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA), with potential use in diagnostic imaging using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68-NOTA-BBN(7-14)-RGD, the BBN peptide moiety of the RGD-BBN heterodimer specifically targets and binds to GRPR while the RGD moiety specifically binds to the aVb3. Upon PET/CT, GRPR- and/or aVb3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and expression levels can be quantified. GRPR, also called bombesin receptor 2 (BB2), is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor belonging to the bombesin receptor family. aVb3, an integrin receptor, plays a key role in angiogenesis, tumor proliferation and survival. Both are overexpressed in certain types of cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-NOTA-NFB

A radioconjugate composed of a derivative of the CXCR4 peptide antagonist T140, in which the N-terminal 4-fluoro-benzoyl group (NFB) is substituted with the chelating agent 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA) and radiolabeled with gallium Ga 68, with potential CXCR4 imaging activity during positron emission topography (PET). Upon administration, gallium Ga 68-NOTA-NFB selectively binds to CXCR4 and CXCR4-expressing tumor cells can then be visualized upon PET imaging. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis, and is upregulated in several tumor cell types. CXCR4 expression is correlated with tumor aggressiveness and high metastatic potential. Unmodified T140 binds non-specifically to red blood cells (RBCs); replacing the fluoro-benzoyl group with NOTA (NOTA-NFB) prevents the RBC binding almost entirely, while only minimally reducing the binding to CXCR4-positive tumor cells. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium Ga 68-NOTA-RM26

A radioconjugate containing RM26, a synthetic bombesin analogue and antagonist of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), that is linked, through the macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA) to the radionuclide gallium (Ga) 68, with potential use in diagnostic imaging using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68-NOTA-RM26, the peptide moiety targets and binds to GRPR. Upon PET/CT, GRPR-expressing tumor cells can then be visualized. GRPR, also called bombesin receptor subtype 2 (BB2), is a G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor belonging to the bombesin receptor family. It is overexpressed in certain types of cancers.

gallium Ga 68-P16-093

A radioconjugate composed of a human prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting ligand (P16-093) conjugated to the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, via the acyclic radiometal chelator N,N'-bis [2-hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl] ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (HBED-CC), with potential use as a tracer for PSMA-expressing tumors during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon intravenous administration of the gallium Ga 68 P16-093, the P16-093 moiety targets and binds to PSMA-expressing tumor cells. During PET imaging, PSMA-expressing tumor cells can be detected. PSMA, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and type II transmembrane protein, is expressed on the membrane of prostatic epithelial cells and overexpressed on prostate tumor cells.

gallium Ga 68-RGD

A radiopharmaceutical agent comprised of a cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp/RGD) peptide labeled with gallium Ga 68, with potential alphaVbeta3 integrin (avb3) imaging activity during positron emission topography (PET). After intravenous administration, gallium Ga 68-RGD selectively binds to avb3 on the cell membrane via the cyclic RGD motif. Upon PET imaging, avb3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and their expression levels can be quantified. avb3, a member of the integrin receptor family, is overexpressed on certain tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells while minimally or not expressed on healthy, normal cells; it plays a key role in angiogenesis, tumor proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium maltolate

An orally bioavailable form of the element gallium (Ga) composed of a trivalent gallium cation (Ga3+) coordinated to three maltolate ligands, with anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, antineoplastic, analgesic, antiresorptive and antibacterial activities. Upon administration of gallium maltolate, Ga3+, which is structurally similar to the ferric ion (Fe3+), competes with and replaces Fe3+ in many vital Fe 3+-mediated biological reactions.. Unlike Fe3+, Ga3+ cannot be reduced, cannot participate in redox reactions and cannot mimic Fe3+ functions. In rapidly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells, high amounts of iron are needed for DNA synthesis. The incorporation of Ga3+ inactivates the Fe3+-dependent enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RR), an enzyme essential for DNA synthesis, leading to an inhibition of DNA synthesis and induction of cell death in rapidly proliferating cells. Gallium similarly reduces bacterial cell growth. In addition, Ga3+ is able to suppress inflammation through the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cells and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Gallium also exerts analgesic effects due to the inhibition of Fe3+-dependent enzymes involved in inflammation and may interfere with the activity of certain metalloproteinases and neuropeptides that are implicated in pain. Also, gallium is able to inhibit bone resorption by osteoclasts, may inhibit metastasis to bone and may prevent the destruction of bone by tumors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gallium nitrate

A hydrated nitrate salt of the group IIIa element gallium with potential use in the treatment of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Gallium nitrate localizes preferentially to areas of bone resorption and remodeling and inhibits osteoclast-mediated resorption by enhancing hydroxyapatite crystallization and reduction of bone mineral solubility. This agent also increases calcium and phosphorous deposition into bone and may increase collagen synthesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GalNAc-Anti-C5 siRNA ALN-CC5

A proprietary formulation composed of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against terminal complement component 5 (C5) of the complement pathway conjugated to a N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand, which has potential use in the treatment of complement-mediated diseases, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Upon subcutaneous administration of ALN-CC5, the GalNAc ligand moiety specifically binds to and is taken up by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) expressed on hepatocytes. Inside the cell, the siRNAs bind to C5 mRNAs, which results in the inhibition of both the translation and expression of the C5 protein. This lowers plasma C5 levels, prevents C5 cleavage into pro-inflammatory components and blocks complement-mediated hemolysis. C5, a complement pathway protein, is expressed at high levels by the liver. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

galunisertib

An orally available, small molecule antagonist of the tyrosine kinase transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) receptor type 1 (TGFBR1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, galunisertib specifically targets and binds to the kinase domain of TGFBR1, thereby preventing the activation of TGF-b-mediated signaling pathways. This may inhibit the proliferation of TGF-b-overexpressing tumor cells. Dysregulation of the TGF-b signaling pathway is seen in a number of cancers and is associated with increased cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor progression. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gamboge resin extract TSB-9-W1

An orally bioavailable extract from the yellow to brown gum-resin of the gamboge tree (genus Garcinia) belonging to the Clusiaceae (or Guttiferae) family, with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Gamboge resin extract TSB-9-W1 contains various active ingredients, including gambogic acid, formoxanthone A, betulin, betulinic acid, morellic acid, isomorellic acid, isogambogic acid, isomorellinol and desoxymorellin. Upon oral administration, the various active components of the gamboge resin extract TSB-9-W1 may bind to and inhibit the activity of a variety of cancer-related proteins, may induce apoptosis, and may exert cytotoxic activity on tumor cells, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. TSB-9 is derived from TSB-14, which is the acetone-extract of gamboge resin, and pulverized into powder form; TSB-9 is 90% extract and 10% brown sugar. TSB-9-W1 is a milled form of TSB-9 with a particle size of 5 micrometers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gamimune N

(Other name for: therapeutic immune globulin)

gamma secretase inhibitor PF-03084014

A selective gamma secretase (GS) inhibitor with potential antitumor activity. Gamma secretase inhibitor PF-03084014 binds to GS, blocking proteolytic activation of Notch receptors; Notch signaling pathway inhibition may follow, which may result in the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress Notch. The integral membrane protein GS is a multi-subunit protease complex that cleaves single-pass transmembrane proteins, such as Notch receptors, at residues within their transmembrane domains. Overexpression of the Notch signaling pathway has been correlated with increased tumor cell growth and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gamma-delta tocotrienol

An orally available nutritional supplement containing the gamma and delta forms of the vitamin E family member tocotrienol, with hypocholesterolemic, antithrombotic, antioxidant, and potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, gamma-delta tocotrienol accumulates in cancer cells and may exert their anti-cancer activity in part through 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase downregulation and/or degradation, cell cycle arrest, and induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis. In addition, this agent may inhibit angiogenesis partially through the blockage of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and the inhibition of tumor cell-induced vessel formation. Altogether, this may result in the inhibition of tumor cell growth. Further, this agent prevents free radical formation and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Tocotrienols contain 3 double bonds, absent in tocopherols, on its farnesyl isoprenoid side chain that likely contribute to its anti-cancer activities. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gammagard S/D

(Other name for: therapeutic immune globulin)

Gammar-P

(Other name for: therapeutic immune globulin)

gamma-secretase/Notch signalling pathway inhibitor RO4929097

An orally bioavailable, small-molecule gamma secretase (GS) inhibitor with potential antitumor activity. Gamma secretase inhibitor RO4929097 binds to GS and blocks activation of Notch receptors, which may inhibit tumor cell proliferation. The integral membrane protein GS is a multi-subunit protease complex that cleaves single-pass transmembrane proteins, such as Notch receptors, at residues within their transmembrane domains. Overexpression of the Notch signaling pathway has been correlated with increased tumor cell growth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gamma-tocopherol

The orally bioavailable gamma form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, found in certain nuts and seeds, with potential antioxidant activity. Although the exact mechanism of action of this tocopherol has yet to be fully identified, gamma-tocopherol appears to have the ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby protecting against oxidative damage. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ganciclovir

A synthetic guanine derivative with antiviral activity. As the active metabolite of ganciclovir, ganciclovir-5-triphosphate (ganciclovir-TP) appears to inhibit viral DNA synthesis by competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerases and incorporation into viral DNA, resulting in eventual termination of viral DNA elongation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gandotinib

An orally bioavailable imidazopyridazine and inhibitor of Janus kinase 2 mutant V617F (JAK2V617F), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, gandotinib selectively and competitively inhibits the activation of JAK2V617F, which may result in the inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and the induction of apoptosis in JAK2V617F-expressing tumor cells. JAK2V617F has a substitution of phenylalanine for valine at amino acid position 617 and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ganetespib

A synthetic small-molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ganetespib binds to and inhibits Hsp90, resulting in the proteasomal degradation of oncogenic client proteins, the inhibition of cell proliferation and the elevation of heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72); it may inhibit the activity of multiple kinases, such as c-Kit, EGFR, and Bcr-Abl, which as client proteins depend on functional HsP90 for maintenance. Hsp90, a 90 kDa molecular chaperone upregulated in a variety of tumor cells, plays a key role in the conformational maturation, stability and function of "client" proteins within the cell, many of which are involved in signal transduction, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, including kinases, transcription factors and hormone receptors. Hsp72 exhibits anti-apoptotic functions; its up-regulation may be used as a surrogate marker for Hsp90 inhibition. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Ganite

(Other name for: gallium nitrate)

ganitumab

A recombinant, fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ganitumab binds to membrane-bound IGF-1R, preventing binding of the ligand IGF-1 and the subsequent triggering of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; inhibition of this survival signaling pathway may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. IGF-1R is a tyrosine kinase and a member of the insulin receptor family. IGF-1R activation stimulates cell proliferation, enables oncogenic transformation, and suppresses apoptosis; IGF-1R signaling has been highly implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gardasil

(Other name for: recombinant human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine)

Gardasil 9

(Other name for: recombinant human papillomavirus nonavalent vaccine)

garlic

A bulbous herb isolated from the plant Allium sativum with potential antineoplastic activity. Garlic contains a number of different organosulfur compounds, some of which have displayed antineoplastic activity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

garlic extract

The alcoholic extract of the bulb or whole garlic plant Allium sativum (Liliaceae) with potential antineoplastic activity. The garlic plant has long been considered a beneficial plant for health and has been used as an antihelmintic, a rubefacient, an anti-infective, and an antihypertensive. Fresh or aged, garlic extracts contain compounds such as diallyl and allyl propyl disulfides with potent antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering properties; regular ingestion may be preventative for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gastrimmune

(Other name for: gastrin immunotoxin)

gastrin immunotoxin

An immunotoxin containing an epitope of human gastrin conjugated to diphtheria toxin, with antineoplastic activity. The gastrin epitope in this vaccine is chemically identical or similar to the endogenous gastrin-17 (G-17), a 17-amino acid peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. Diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis via modifying translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2). Vaccination with this immunotoxin may elicit production of antibodies against gastrinoma cells overexpressing gastrin, in addition to the toxic effects on protein synthesis exerted by the diphtheria toxin moiety. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GastroMARK

(Other name for: ferumoxsil oral suspension)

gataparsen sodium

A second-generation antisense oligonucleotide directed against survivin mRNA with potential antitumor activity. Gataparsen sodium hybridizes to survivin mRNA, thereby blocking translation of survivin protein, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. Silencing the expression of survivin may result in the restoration of the apoptotic process in tumor cells, facilitating chemotherapeutic treatment. Survivin, expressed during embryonal development, is upregulated in a variety of human cancers while absent in most normal adult cells; its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, shorter survival times, and a decreased response to chemotherapy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gavilimomab

A murine IgM monoclonal antibody (MoAb) developed for the potential treatment of graft versus host disease (GvHD). Gavilimomab recognizes human CD147 antigen, weakly expressed on human leukocytes and up-regulated on activated lymphocytes. This MoAb is capable of neutralizing inflammatory reactions via a complement-dependent cytotoxic mechanism. However, gavilimomab does not offer an improvement over antithymocyte globulin in the treatment of acute steroid resistant GVHD. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gavinostat

An orally bioavailable hydroxymate inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) with potential anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and antineoplastic activities. Gavinostat inhibits class I and class II HDACs, resulting in an accumulation of highly acetylated histones, followed by the induction of chromatin remodeling and an altered pattern of gene expression. At low, nonapoptotic concentrations, this agent inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and interferon-gamma. HDAC inhibitor ITF2357 has also been shown to activate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, inducing apoptosis in hepatoma cells and leukemic cells. This agent may also exhibit anti-angiogenic activity, inhibiting the production of angiogenic factors such as IL-6 and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) by bone marrow stromal cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gazyva

(Other name for: obinutuzumab)

GD2 lactone/GD3 lactone-KLH conjugate bivalent vaccine

A cancer vaccine, containing epitopes of the gangliosides GD2 and GD3 conjugated with the immunostimulant keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with GD2 lactone/GD3 lactone-KLH conjugate bivalent vaccine may elicit antibodies against tumor cells expressing either epitope, resulting in complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Located primarily in the nervous system, gangliosides, such as GD2 and GD3, are cell membrane components involved in cellular recognition and cell-cell communication. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GD2-CAR-expressing autologous T-lymphocytes

Genetically modified, autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a 14g2a.zeta chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) directed against the disialoganglioside GD2, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, the activated T-lymphocytes target the GD2 antigen on tumor cells and selectively kill those cells. The tumor-associated antigen GD2 is overexpressed on the surface of almost all tumors of neuroectodermal origin. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gedatolisib

An agent targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, gedatolisib inhibits both PI3K and mTOR kinases, which may result in apoptosis and growth inhibition of cancer cells overexpressing PI3K/mTOR. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, may also be activated independent of PI3K. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gefitinib

An anilinoquinazoline with antineoplastic activity. Gefitinib inhibits the catalytic activity of numerous tyrosine kinases including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which may result in inhibition of tyrosine kinase-dependent tumor growth. Specifically, this agent competes with the binding of ATP to the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR, thereby inhibiting receptor autophosphorylation and resulting in inhibition of signal transduction. Gefitinib may also induce cell cycle arrest and inhibit angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gelclair

(Other name for: polyvinylpyrrolidone-sodium hyaluronate gel)

Gelfoam

(Other name for: absorbable gelatin sponge)

Gelnique

(Other name for: oxybutynin chloride)

gelonin

A class I ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) and toxin derived from the seeds of the plant Gelonium multiflorum. Gelonin (rGel) exerts N-glycosidase activity on the 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) unit of eukaryotic ribosomes by cleaving out adenine at the 4324 site, which depurinates rRNA, inactivates ribosomes, inhibits protein synthesis, and results in cell death. Used as the toxin moiety of certain immunotoxins and linked to antibodies specific for a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), gelonin can be targeted to and induce specific cytotoxicity in tumor cells expressing the TAA. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GEM640

(Other name for: AEG35156)

gemcitabine 5'-elaidic acid ester

A lipophilic, unsaturated fatty acid ester derivative of gemcitabine (dFdC), an antimetabolite deoxynucleoside analogue, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon hydrolysis intracellularly by esterases, the prodrug gemcitabine is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine di- and tri-phosphate (dFdCDP and dFdCTP) by deoxycytidine kinase. dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in DNA strand termination and apoptosis. Due to its lipophilicity, gemcitabine 5'-elaidic acid ester exhibits an increased cellular uptake and accumulation, resulting in an increased conversion to active metabolites, compared to gemcitabine. In addition, this formulation of gemcitabine may be less susceptible to deamination and deactivation by deoxycytidine deaminase. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gemcitabine hydrochloride

The hydrochloride salt of an analogue of the antimetabolite nucleoside deoxycytidine with antineoplastic activity. Gemcitabine is converted intracellularly to the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine di- and triphosphate (dFdCDP, dFdCTP). dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in DNA strand termination and apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gemcitabine hydrochloride emulsion

An orally available nanoparticle-based formulation containing the hydrochloride salt form of gemcitabine, a broad-spectrum antimetabolite and deoxycytidine analogue, with antineoplastic activity. The formulation consists of an oil-in-water emulsion in which gemicitabine is solubilized in the excipient matrix containing a mixture of oil and (co)surfactants. Upon oral administration, gemcitabine is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine diphosphate (dFdCDP) and difluorodeoxycytidine triphosphate (dFdCTP) by deoxycytidine kinase. dFdCTP competes with deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) and is incorporated into DNA, resulting in premature termination of DNA replication and the induction of apoptosis. Further, dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and reduces the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis. Compared to gemcitabine alone, the emulsion allows for increased oral bioavailability and decreases its susceptibility to deamination and deactivation by cytidine deaminase. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gemcitabine prodrug LY2334737

An orally available valproic acid ester of gemcitabine, a broad-spectrum antimetabolite with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, gemcitabine prodrug LY2334737 is hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) and releases gemcitabine systemically over a period of time consistent with formation rate-limited kinetics. In turn, gemcitabine is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine diphosphate and triphosphate (dFdCDP and dFdCTP) by deoxycytidine kinase. dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA replication; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in premature termination of DNA replication and eventually the induction of apoptosis. Compared to gemcitabine, this prodrug is able to avoid hydrolysis in enterocytes and the portal circulation thus avoiding first pass metabolism and increasing systemic gemcitabine availability. In addition, the slow release of gemcitabine may enhance efficacy while lowering toxicity. CES2, a serine ester hydrolase, is expressed in certain tumors which may allow for increased conversion of gemcitabine at the tumor site, thus increasing cytotoxicity. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gemcitabine-cisplatin regimen

A chemotherapy regimen consisting of gemcitabine hydrochloride and cisplatin used in the treatment of advanced-stage non-small cell lung, advanced-stage bladder, advanced-stage cervical, pancreatic, and epithelial ovarian cancers; this regimen is also used in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. (NCI Thesaurus)

gemcitabine-erlotinib regimen

A first-line chemotherapy regimen consisting of gemcitabine and erlotinib used for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer. (NCI Thesaurus)

gemcitabine-oxaliplatin regimen

A regimen consisting of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin used for the treatment of biliary adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular cancer, and testicular cancer. This regimen is currently being studied in a variety of other cancers. (NCI Thesaurus)

gemcitabine-phosphoramidate NUC-1031

A pyrimidine analogue and a proprietary prodrug based on an aryloxy phosphoramidate derivative of gemcitabine with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration and cellular uptake, NUC-1031 is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine di- and triphosphate (dFdCDP, dFdCTP). dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA replication; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in premature termination of DNA replication and eventually induction of apoptosis. With the phosphoramidate moiety on the gemcitabine monophosphate group, NUC-1031 has improved properties over its parent molecule: 1) is more lipophilic and accumulates in cancer cells by passive diffusion and does not require a nucleoside transporter, 2) as the agent is delivered in the monophosphate form, the first phosphorylation step by deoxycytidine kinase is not required, 3) this agent is not susceptible to deactivation by cytidine deaminase cleavage of the monophosphorylated form. Altogether, this may help overcome resistance to gemcitabine. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gemfibrozil

A fibric acid derivative with hypolipidemic effects. Gemfibrozil interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARalpha) resulting in PPARalpha-mediated stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and an increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) synthesis. This enhances triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance and reduces the expression of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III). The reduction in hepatic production of apoC-III results in subsequent reduction of serum levels of very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). In addition, gemfibrozil-mediated PPARalpha stimulation of apoA-I and apoA-II expression results in an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gemigliptin

An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic and potential renoprotective activities. Upon administration, gemigliptin binds to DPP-4 and inhibits the breakdown of the incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). This prolongs incretin activity, increases postprandial insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, decreases glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying and lowers blood glucose levels. In addition, gemigliptin exerts a renoprotective effect, probably through enhanced GLP-1 signaling, may prevent apoptosis and acute kidney injury induced by nephrotoxic agents, and may protect against diabetic nephropathy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gemtuzumab ozogamicin

A recombinant, humanized anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody attached to the cytotoxic antitumor antibiotic calicheamicin. In this conjugate, the antibody binds to and is internalized by tumor cells expressing CD33 antigen (a sialic acid-dependent glycoprotein commonly found on the surface of leukemic blasts), thereby delivering the attached calicheamicin to CD33-expressing tumor cells. Calicheamicin binds to the minor groove of DNA, causing double strand DNA breaks and resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gemzar

(Other name for: gemcitabine hydrochloride)

Genasense

(Other name for: oblimersen sodium)

Gencept

(Other name for: ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone)

genetically engineered HSV-1 expressing IL-12

A genetically engineered, replication selective, infected cell protein (ICP) 34.5 gene-deleted, oncolytic human simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) expressing the human immunostimulating cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intratumoral administration of HSV-1 expressing IL-12, the IL-12-expressing HSV-1 preferentially infects and replicates in tumor cells of neuronal origin causing viral-mediated tumor cell lysis. The released virus particles, in turn, infect and replicate in neighboring tumor cells. In addition, the IL-12-expressing HSV-1 promotes the secretion of IL-12 by the tumor cells. IL-12 promotes the activation of natural killer cells, which induces both the secretion of interferon-gamma and a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the tumor cells. This results in both immune-mediated tumor cell death and further inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Deletion of the gene encoding for ICP34.5 imparts tumor selectivity by preventing replication in healthy cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

genetically-modified MAGE-A3-expressing MG1 Maraba virus vaccine

A vaccine consisting of the attenuated, genetically-modified, oncolytic form of the Maraba virus, MG1, which has been engineered to express a gene encoding the cancer testis antigen melanoma antigen family A3 (MAGE-A3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of genetically-modified MAGE-A3-expressing MG1 Maraba virus vaccine, the attenuated Maraba virus selectively and rapidly replicates in cancer cells; however, it is unable to replicate in normal, healthy cells. This induces a selective Maraba virus-mediated cytotoxicity in those cancer cells, and leads to cancer cell lysis. In addition, the expression of MAGE-A3 further stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing MAGE-A3. The tumor-associated antigen MAGE-A3 is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types. The attenuated virus is a double mutant strain with single amino acid substitutions occurring in both G protein (Q242R) and M protein (L123W). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Genexol-PM

(Other name for: paclitaxel polymeric micelle formulation NANT-008)

Gengraf

(Other name for: cyclosporine)

genistein

A soy-derived isoflavone and phytoestrogen with antineoplastic activity. Genistein binds to and inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase, thereby disrupting signal transduction and inducing cell differentiation. This agent also inhibits topoisomerase-II, leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, and induces G2/M cell cycle arrest. Genistein exhibits antioxidant, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive activities. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

genolimzumab

An immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1; PD1; PDCD1; CD279), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, genolimzumab binds to and inhibits PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of T cells and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. PD-1, a transmembrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) expressed on T cells, functions as an immune checkpoint that negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligands programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) or 2 (PD-L2); it plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.

Genotropin

(Other name for: somatotropin)

Gesterol 100

(Other name for: therapeutic progesterone)

ghrelin peptide analogue

A ghrelin peptide analogue with potential anti-cachexia activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, ghrelin peptide analogue binds to and stimulates the G protein-coupled growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the appetite-stimulating and growth hormone-releasing effects of endogenous ghrelin. Stimulation of GHSR may also reduce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and interleukin-6, which may play direct roles in cancer-related loss of appetite. Ghrelin, naturally secreted by gastric endocrine cells, is a 28 amino acid peptide and an endogenous ligand for GHSR. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GI-4000 vaccine

A vaccine containing a heat-killed recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast transfected with mutated forms of Ras, an oncogene frequently found in solid tumors, with potential immunostimulant and antitumor activity. Upon administration, GI-4000 vaccine elicits an immune response by stimulating a specific cytotoxic T-cell response against the mutated forms of Ras. This may lead to a destruction of cancer cells expressing a Ras mutation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gilotrif

(Other name for: afatinib dimaleate)

gilteritinib

An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3, STK1, or FLK2), AXL (UFO or JTK11) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK or CD246), with potential antineoplastic activity. Gilteritinib binds to and inhibits both the wild-type and mutated forms of FLT3, AXL and ALK. This may result in an inhibition of FLT3, AXL, and ALK-mediated signal transduction pathways and reduction of tumor cell proliferation in cancer cell types that overexpress these RTKs. FLT3, AXL and ALK, overexpressed or mutated in a variety of cancer cell types, play a key role in tumor cell growth and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gimatecan

An orally bioavailable, semi-synthetic lipophilic analogue of camptothecin, a quinoline alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminate, with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. Gimatecan binds to and inhibits the activity of topoisomerase I, stabilizing the cleavable complex of topoisomerase I-DNA, which inhibits the religation of single-stranded DNA breaks generated by topoisomerase I; lethal double-stranded DNA breaks occur when the topoisomerase I-DNA complex is encountered by the DNA replication machinery, DNA replication is disrupted, and the tumor cell undergoes apoptosis. Although the mechanism of its antiangiogenic activity has yet to be full elucidated, this agent may inhibit endothelial cell migration, tumor neovascularization, and the expression of proangiogenic basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gimeracil

A pyridine derivative with antitumor activity. Gimeracil enhances the antitumor activity of fluoropyrimidines by competitively and reversibly inhibiting the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase causing decreased degradation of the fluoropyrimidines. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ginger extract

An extract of the rhizome of the perennial plant Zingiber officinale with potential antineoplastic activity. Ginger extract contains a number of different phenolic compounds, some of which have displayed antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This agent also exhibits antiemetic properties. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

ginseng compound

A compound containing the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) ginseng, a herb belonging to the Araliaceae family, with potential antioxidant, chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the ginseng compound, the active ingredients, mainly ginsenosides, inhibit various signal transduction pathways that play key roles in carcinogenesis and inflammation. This leads to the induction of apoptosis in and inhibits proliferation of tumor cells. In addition, ginsenosides enhance the activity of various antioxidant enzymes, induce nitric oxide (NO) formation, inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protect against free radical-induced DNA damage. Ginseng also modulates various components of the immune system, including the activation of dendritic cells (DCs). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

girentuximab

A chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against G250, a cell surface antigen found in the majority of renal cell carcinomas. Following binding, girentuximab may be internalized by G250 antigen-expressing renal carcinoma cells; mAb G250 may be useful as a carrier for radioisotopes and other antineoplastic therapeutic agents. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GITR agonist MEDI1873

An agonist of human glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 18; TNFRSF18; GITR), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, GITR agonist MEDI1873 binds to GITR found on multiple types of T-cells, thereby inducing both the activation and proliferation of tumor antigen-specific T effector cells. This abrogates the suppression of T effector cells which is induced by inappropriately activated T regulatory cells (Tregs), and activates the immune system to help eradicate tumor cells. GITR, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is expressed on the surface of multiple types of immune cells, including regulatory T cells, effector T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GITRL RNA-transfected autologous dendritic cell vaccine

An autologous dendritic cell (DC) cancer vaccine with potential immunostimulatory activity. GITRL RNA-transfected autologous DC vaccine is prepared by transfecting DCs with RNAs encoding tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 18 (TNFSF18 or GlTRL); expression of GlTRL results in modulating T lymphocyte survival in peripheral tissues. Co-vaccination of this vaccine with melanoma antigen specific vaccine may eliminate the adverse effects associated with systemic administration of immune modulators, while also enhancing vaccine-induced immune responses. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

givosiran

A proprietary enhanced stabilization chemistry (ESC)-stabilized conjugate composed of the liver-targeted ligand N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugated to small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against the liver-expressed enzyme aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 (delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1; ALAS1; ALAS-1) that can potentially be used in the treatment of acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs). Upon subcutaneous administration of givosiran, the GalNAc moiety targets and binds with high affinity to asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) expressed on hepatocytes. Once inside the cell, the siRNAs bind to and silence ALAS1 mRNA and inhibit both the translation and expression of the ALAS1 protein. This prevents delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) formation, decreases 5-ALA levels and prevents the production of porphyrins and hemes, such as porphobilinogen (PBG). AHPs are a group of metabolic disorders caused by deficiencies of specific enzymes that are responsible for hemoglobulin biosynthesis within the liver, which leads to the accumulation of toxic intermediates, such as ALA and PBG. ALAS1, a liver-expressed, rate-limiting enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway, is responsible for the formation of ALA from succinyl-CoA and glycine. ESC enables the subcutaneous dosing of givosiran with increased efficacy, durability and a wide therapeutic index as compared to non-ESC GalNAc-siRNA conjugates.

Gleevec

(Other name for: imatinib mesylate)

glembatumumab vedotin

An antibody-drug conjugate, consisting of the fully human monoclonal antibody CR011 directed against glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB) and conjugated via a cathepsin B-sensitive valine-citrulline (vc) linkage to the cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the monoclonal antibody CR011 moiety binds to glycoprotein nmb (GPNMB), expressed on the surfaces of a variety of cancer cell types; upon endocytosis, the synthetic dolastin analogue MMAE is released via enzymatic cleavage into the tumor cell cytosol, where it binds to tubulin and inhibits tubulin polymerization, which may result in G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. The vc linkage system is highly stable in serum, rendering the cytotoxicity of glembatumumab vedotin specific for GPNMB-positive cells. GPNMB is a transmembrane protein overexpressed on the surfaces of various cancer cell types, including melanoma, breast, and prostate cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gleostine

(Other name for: lomustine)

glesatinib

An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Glesatinib binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including the c-Met receptor (hepatocyte growth factor receptor); the Tek/Tie-2 receptor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) types 1, 2, and 3; and the macrophage-stimulating 1 receptor (MST1R or RON). Inhibition of these RTKs and their downstream signaling pathways may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation in tumors overexpressing these RTKs. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Gliadel Wafer

(Other name for: carmustine implant)

gliclazide

A short-acting, relatively high-potency, second-generation sulfonylurea compound with hypoglycemic activity. Gliclazide also increases peripheral insulin sensitivity. This agent is metabolized by CYP2C9. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glimepiride

A long-acting, third-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Compared to other generations of sulfonylurea compounds, glimepiride is very potent and has a longer duration of action. This agent is metabolized by CYP2C9 and shows peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonistic activity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glioblastoma cancer vaccine ERC1671

A cancer vaccine composed of a combination of autologous glioblastoma (GBM) tumor cells, allogeneic GBM tumor cells, generated from three different GBM donor cancer patients, and the lysates of all of these cells, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intradermal administration of GBM cancer vaccine ERC1671, the mixture of the autologous and allogeneic cells and lysates stimulates the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against GBM-associated antigens, which leads to the destruction of glioblastoma cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glioblastoma multiforme multipeptide vaccine IMA950

A cancer vaccine comprising 11 peptides associated with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with glioblastoma multiforme multi-antigen vaccine IMA950 stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response as well as a T-helper (Th) immune response against tumor cells expressing these peptides, potentially resulting in decreased tumor growth of GBM. Peptides in IMA950 comprise the following: brevican (BCAN); chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4); fatty acid binding protein 7, brain (FABP7); insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3); neuroligin 4, X-linked (NLGN4X); neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NRCAM); protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, Z polypeptide 1 ( PTPRZ1); tenascin C (TNC); Met proto-oncogene (MET); baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5); and hepatitis B virus core antigen. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glioma lysate vaccine GBM6-AD

An allogeneic cell lysate-based vaccine derived from the glioma stem cell line GBM6-AD, which was isolated from the brain tumor of a patient diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, the glioma lysate vaccine GBM6-AD exposes the immune system to an undefined amount of glioma-associated antigens (GAAs), and stimulates the immune system to mount a specific anti-tumoral, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated response against the GAA-expressing cells, resulting in glioma cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glioma-associated antigen peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine

A cancer vaccine comprised of autologous dendritic cells pulsed with synthetic glioma-associated antigen (GAA) peptides with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, this vaccine may stimulate anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against GAA peptide-expressing glioma cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glioma-associated peptide-loaded dendritic cell vaccine SL-701

A cell-based cancer vaccine comprised of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with various synthetic glioma-associated antigen (GAA) peptides, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, the glioma-associated peptide-loaded DC vaccine SL-701 exposes the immune system to various GAA peptides. This may stimulate both anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against the GAA-expressing glioma cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glipizide

A short-acting, second-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Glipizide is rapidly absorbed, has a very quick onset of action and a short half-life. This agent is extensively metabolized in the liver and the metabolites as well as the unchanged form are excreted in the urine. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gliquidone

A potent, second-generation sulfonylurea with antihyperglycemic activity. Like other second-generation compounds, gliquidone exerts greater binding affinity to SUR1 and increased potency compared to first-generation compounds. In addition, this agent exerts peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonistic activity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glisoxepide

A second-generation sulfonylurea with antihyperglycemic activity. Like other second-generation compounds, glisoxepide exerts greater binding affinity than the first-generation compounds. Glisoxepide shows peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonistic activity, has a short half-life and is excreted in both the bile and urine. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Globo H-DT vaccine OBI-833

A carbohydrate-based vaccine comprised of the Globo H hexasaccharide 1 (Globo H) antigen conjugated to DT-CRM197, a non-toxic, mutated form of diphtheria toxin (DT), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of Globo H-DT vaccine OBI-833, the carbohydrate antigen Globo H may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against Globo H-expressing tumor cells, thereby decreasing tumor cell proliferation. The hexasaccharide Globo H is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) commonly found on a variety of tumor cells. DT-CRM197 is used to increase the immunogenicity of the Globo H carbohydrate antigen. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Globo-H-GM2-Lewis-y-MUC1-32(aa)-sTn(c)-TF(c)-Tn(c)-KLH conjugate vaccine

A heptavalent vaccine consisting of the tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens globohexaosylceramide (globo-H), GM2, Lewis-y, MUC1-32(aa), sTn(c), TF(c), and Tn(c) conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), an immunomodulator. This vaccine may induce the production of IgG and IgM antibodies and an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumors expressing these antigens. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

globulin component macrophage-activating factor

A recombinant form of GC (group-specific component) protein-derived macrophage-activating factor (GC-MAF) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, globulin component macrophage-activating factor is able to stimulate macrophages to kill cancer cells, inhibit angiogenesis and stimulate the immune system. This decreases tumor cell proliferation. GC, also known as vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), is converted to GC-MAF by enzymes located in the membrane of B- and T-lymphocytes. However, deglycosylated GC protein cannot be converted to GC-MAF. Endogenous GC-MAF is often not activated in patients with cancer due to an increased activity of nagalase (also called alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase), an enzyme secreted by cancer cells that mediates the deglycosylation of GC; thus preventing macrophage activation and immunosuppression. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glucarpidase

A zinc-dependent enzyme isolated from a strain of the bacterium Pseudomonas. Because glucarpidase rapidly hydrolyzes methotrexate into inactive metabolites, it may be useful as a rescue agent for methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. In antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), this agent is conjugated with an antibody that binds to a specific tumor cell type, allowing for glucarpidase-catalyzed activation of a co-administered prodrug at the site of the tumor. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Glucidex

(Other name for: maltodextrin)

glucocorticoid receptor antagonist CORT125134

An orally available antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, CORT125134 competitively binds to and blocks GRs. This inhibits the activity of GRs, and prevents both the translocation of the ligand-GR complexes to the nucleus and gene expression of GR-associated genes. This decreases the negative effects that result from excess levels of endogenous glucocorticoids, like those seen when tumors overproduce glucocorticoids. In addition, by binding to GRs and preventing their activity, inhibition with CORT125134 also inhibits the proliferation of GR-overexpressing cancer cells. GRs are overexpressed in certain tumor cell types and promote tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Glucodry

(Other name for: maltodextrin)

Glucophage

(Other name for: metformin hydrochloride)

Glucophage XR

(Other name for: metformin hydrochloride)

glucosamine sulfate/chondroitin sulfate tablet

An oral tablet formulation of a dietary supplement containing the sulfate salts of the amino sugar glucosamine and the glucosaminoglycan chondroitin with potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic activities. Both glucosamine and chondroitin are naturally occurring substances that play a key role in cartilage formation and repair. Glucosamine is an essential substrate for glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid, needed for formation of the joint proteoglycan structural matrix, and may prevent chondrocytic catabolic activity and inhibit production of inflammatory mediators. Chondroitin is the major glycosaminoglycan in cartilage, responsible for the elasticity of cartilage; it may reduce the IL-1beta-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) translocation in chondrocytes, inhibiting NF-kB-mediated inflammatory processes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Glucotrol

(Other name for: glipizide)

glucuronic acid

A carboxylic acid with structural similarity to glucose with detoxifying activity. The xenobiotic metabolism of various substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids, and bile acids involves glucuronidation, a process in which water-soluble, excretable glucuronides of these substances are formed via glycosidic linkages to glucuronic acid. UDP-glucuronic acid, formed in the liver through the linkage of glucuronic acid to uridine diphosphate (UDP) via a glycosidic bond, is an intermediate in the process of glucuronidation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Glumetza

(Other name for: metformin hydrochloride)

glutaminase inhibitor CB-839

An orally bioavailable inhibitor of glutaminase, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, CB-839 selectively and irreversibly inhibits glutaminase, a mitochondrial enzyme that is essential for the conversion of the amino acid glutamine into glutamate. By blocking glutamine utilization, proliferation in rapidly growing cells is impaired. Glutamine-dependent tumors rely on the conversion of exogenous glutamine into glutamate and glutamate metabolites to both provide energy and generate building blocks for the production of macromolecules, which are needed for cellular growth and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glutamine

A nonessential amino acid. Glutamine can donate the ammonia on its side chain to the formation of urea (for eventual excretion by the kidneys) and to purines (necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids). Glutamic acid-to-glutamine conversion, in which an ammonia group is added to glutamic acid (catalyzed by glutamine synthase), is of central importance in the regulation of toxic levels of ammonia in the body. This agent is a substrate for the production of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (glutamate and GABA) and is also an important source of energy for the nervous system. Glutamine may become a conditionally essential amino acid during certain catabolic states. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Glutapak-10

(Other name for: glutamine)

GlutaSolve

(Other name for: glutamine)

Glutasolve Resource

(Other name for: glutamine)

glutathione

A tripeptide comprised of three amino acids (cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine) present in most mammalian tissue. Glutathione acts as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger and a detoxifying agent. Glutathione is also important as a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, in the uptake of amino acids, and in the synthesis of leukotrienes. As a substrate for glutathione S-transferase, this agent reacts with a number of harmful chemical species, such as halides, epoxides and free radicals, to form harmless inactive products. In erythrocytes, these reactions prevent oxidative damage through the reduction of methemoglobin and peroxides. Glutathione is also involved in the formation and maintenance of disulfide bonds in proteins and in the transport of amino acids across cell membranes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glutathione disulfide NOV-002

A stabilized formulation of disodium glutathione disulfide (GSSG; oxidized glutathione) and cisplatin (1000:1) with potential chemoprotective and immunomodulating activities. Mimicking endogenous GSSG, glutathione disulfide NOV-002 acts as a competitive substrate for gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT), which may result in the S-glutathionylation of proteins, predominantly actin, a redox stress on endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and ER stress-induced apoptosis; S-glutathionylation may be stimulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) liberated by a glutathione disulfide NOV-002-induced increase in GGT activity. Glutathione disulfide NOV-002 may also induce phosphorylation of proteins such as ERK and p38, two kinases that play critical regulatory roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis. The cisplatin component of this agent does not provide an effective therapeutic concentration of cisplatin in vivo. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glutathione pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride formulation 2B3-101

A glutathione (GSH) pegylated, liposome-encapsulated preparation of the hydrochloride salt form of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin, with potential anetineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the glutathione pegylated liposomal formulation 2B3-101 specifically delivers doxorubicin into the brain. Doxorubicin intercalates between DNA base pairs and interferes with topoisomerase II activity, which inhibits both DNA replication and RNA synthesis, resulting in cancer cell death and tumor regression. Doxorubicin also generates reactive oxygen species, which causes cell membrane lipid peroxidation leading to cytotoxicity. The pegylated liposomal delivery of doxorubicin improves drug penetration into tumors and prolongs circulation time, thereby increasing doxorubicin's efficacy and decreasing its toxicity. Conjugation of GSH to the PEG molecules directs the liposomes to the GSH transporters on the blood brain barrier (BBB) and improves the delivery of doxorubicin into the brain. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gluten-free compact nutritional supplement drink

A gluten-free, calorie-dense, milkshake-like nutritional supplement drink containing all essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, as well as protein, fat and carbohydrates. Upon oral intake, gluten-free compact nutritional supplement drink may aid in the prevention of malnutrition and weight loss. The drink is provided in a reduced volume (125 ml) but with the same complete nutrition as the standard drink (200 ml); the reduced volume may increase patient compliance. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gluten-free DHA/EPA/GLA/antioxidant-rich nutritional liquid

A gluten- and lactose-free, energy-rich, calorie-dense, non-complete liquid nutritional supplement enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and antioxidants, with potential anti-cachexic and anti-inflammatory activities. The nutritional liquid also contains protein, in the form of sodium and calcium caseinates, carbohydrates, as maltodextrin and sucrose, fat, as canola, borage, and marine oils, L-carnitine, taurine, and several other vitamins and minerals. Upon oral intake of the gluten-free DHA/EPA/GLA/antioxidant-rich nutritional liquid, the essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA and DHA, derived from refined marine oil, and GLA, derived from borage oil, are incorporated into cell membranes and affect the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, which elicits an anti-inflammatory effect and may also prevent infections. The antioxidants, including ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, and tocopherols, neutralize free radicals, thereby protecting tissues and organs from oxidative damage. Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and large chain triglycerides (LCT) in this supplement enhance fat absorption and increase calorie intake. Additionally, this nutritional supplement may prevent malnutrition and weight loss. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gluten-free/fiber enriched compact nutritional supplement drink

A gluten-free, calorie-dense, fiber-enriched milkshake-like nutritional supplement drink containing all essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, as well as protein, fat and carbohydrates. Upon oral intake, gluten-free, fiber-enriched compact nutritional supplement drink may aid in the prevention of malnutrition and weight loss. The drink is provided in a reduced volume (125 ml) but with the same complete nutrition as the standard drink (200 ml); the reduced volume may increase patient compliance. The fiber, acting as a prebiotic, promotes beneficial bacterial growth in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, increases digestive health and may reduce the incidence of constipation and/or diarrhea. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glyburide

A sulfonamide urea derivative with antihyperglycemic activity that can potentially be used to decrease cerebral edema. Upon administration, glyburide binds to and blocks the sulfonylurea receptor type 1 (SUR1) subunit of the ATP-sensitive inwardly-rectifying potassium (K(ATP)) channels on the membranes of pancreatic beta cells. This prevents the inward current flow of positively charged potassium (K+) ions into the cell, and induces a calcium ion (Ca2+) influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels, which triggers exocytosis of insulin-containing granules. In addition, glyburide also inhibits the SUR1-regulated nonselective cation (NC) Ca-ATP channel, melastatin 4 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4; (TRPM4)), thereby preventing capillary failure and brain swelling. SUR1-TRPM4 channels are formed by co-assembly of SUR1 with TRPM4 in neurons, astrocytes, and capillary endothelium during cerebral ischemia. Upon ischemia-induced ATP depletion, channels open which results in sodium influx, cytotoxic edema formation, capillary fragmentation and necrotic cell death. SUR1-TRPM4 is not expressed in normal, uninjured tissues. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glycerin enema

An enema solution containing 5% glycerin, a trihydroxy alcohol with osmotic laxative activity. Upon rectal administration, glycerin enema creates an osmotic gradient thereby attracting water into the rectum. This increases volume, increases peristalsis, stimulates evacuation, and relieves constipation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glycine

A non-essential, non-polar, non-optical, glucogenic amino acid. Glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, triggers chloride ion influx via ionotropic receptors, thereby creating an inhibitory post-synaptic potential. In contrast, this agent also acts as a co-agonist, along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is an important component and precursor for many macromolecules in the cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glycooptimized trastuzumab-GEX

A glycoengineered form of a monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Glycooptimized trastuzumab-GEX specifically binds to the extracellular domain of HER2, thereby inducing an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against HER2-expressing tumor cells. This eventually results in apoptosis and growth inhibition of tumor cells. HER2, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR superfamily, is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumors. This agent has a specific glycosylation profile that may enhance its ADCC response against HER2-expressing tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glycopeptide antibiotic

One of a class of antibiotics originally isolated from plant and soil bacteria with structures containing either a glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptide. These antibiotics inhibit the cell wall structure of susceptible organisms (principally Gram-positive cocci) by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. First-generation glycopeptide antibiotics include vancomycin, teicoplanin, and ramoplanin; second-generation semi-synthetic glycopeptide antibiotics include oritavancin, dalbavancin, and telavancin. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glycopyrrolate

A synthetic quaternary ammonium that is an anticholinergic agent with antispasmodic activity. Glycopyrrolate competitively binds to peripheral muscarinic receptors in the autonomic effector cells of, and inhibits cholinergic transmission in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, exocrine glands and in the autonomic ganglia. Blockage of cholinergic transmission, in smooth muscle cells located in the gastrointestinal tract and the bladder, causes smooth muscle relaxation and prevents the occurrence of painful spasms. In addition, glycopyrrolate inhibits the release of gastric, pharyngeal, tracheal, and bronchial secretions. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glycosylated recombinant human G-CSF AVI-014

A glycosylated form of a recombinant agent that is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and is produced using transgenic biotechnology. Transgenic hens carrying recombinant human G-CSF cDNA express the naturally glycosylated recombinant human protein in egg albumen from which glycosylated recombinant human G-CSF AVI-014 is isolated. Produced endogenously by monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, G-CSF binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, stimulating neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation and selected neutrophil functions. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glycosylated recombinant human interleukin-7

A glycosylated recombinant protein which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous human interleukin-7 (IL-7) with hematopoietic and immunopotentiating activities. Naturally produced by bone marrow, thymic stromal, and spleen cells, the cytokine interleukin-7 is a hematopoietic growth factor for progenitor B cells and T cells, stimulating proliferation and differentiation of mature T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. As with glycosylated endogenous proteins, glycosylation of recombinant proteins may fundamentally affect their biological activity, function, clearance from circulation, and antigenicity; glycosylation of recombinant proteins that are chemically identical to similar to endogenous proteins may render protein structures and biological activities that are more similar to those of glycosylated endogenous proteins. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

glymidine

A sulfapyrimidine derivative,also known as glycodiazine, with antihyperglycemic activity. Like sulfonylureas, glymidine is able to lower blood glucose levels by increasing the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells and increasing the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Glyset

(Other name for: miglitol)

GlyT2/5HT2a antagonist VVZ-149

An antagonist of both glycine transporter type 2 (GlyT2) and serotonin receptor 2A (5HT2A), with potential anti-nociceptive activity. Upon administration, GlyT2/5HT2A antagonist VVZ-149 binds to and blocks both GlyT2 and 5HT2A. Blockage of GlyT2 prevents the re-uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine in the synaptic cleft, thereby potentiating glycine-mediated inhibitory signaling, and inhibiting the firing of neurons, which suppresses the transmission of pain signals to the brain and induces analgesia. Blockage of 5HT2A prevents both the binding of its ligand serotonin and 5HT/5HT2A-mediated signaling. This also suppresses pain signaling and induces analgesia. GlyT2 and 5HT2A play key roles in the induction and transmission of pain signals. GlyT2, a glycine plasma membrane transporter, modulates glycine-mediated inhibition of synaptic transmission in the spinal cord and mediates pain signal transmission to the brain; inhibition of GlyT2 potentiates glycinergic mediated pain signaling. Serotonin and its 5HT2A receptor are involved in both serotonin receptor-mediated signaling and the perception of pain. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GM.CD40L cell vaccine

A cell-based vaccine composed of irradiated tumor cells transduced with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and CD40-ligand (CD40L) genes. Upon administration, this vaccine may stimulate an anti-tumoral dendritic cell-mediated host immune response. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GM2/GD2/GD3 lactone-KLH conjugate trivalent vaccine

A trivalent cancer vaccine containing the ganglioside lactones GM2, GD2 and GD3 conjugated with the immunostimulant keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with GM2 lactone/GD2 lactone/GD3 lactone-KLH conjugate trivalent vaccine may elicit antibodies against tumor cells expressing any of these epitopes, resulting in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells expressing these gangliosides. GM2, GD2 and GD3 are tumor associated antigens (TAAs) that are overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell membranes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GM2-KLH vaccine

A cancer vaccine consisting of GM2 ganglioside, a melanoma-specific antigen, conjugated with the immunostimulant keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Vaccination with GM2-KLH vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against GM2 ganglioside-expressing melanoma cells, resulting in tumor growth inhibition. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GM-CSF-encoding oncolytic adenovirus CGTG-102

A recombinant, oncolytic serotype 5/3 capsid-modified adenovirus encoding the immunostimulatory cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the oncolytic adenovirus selectively infects and replicates in tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. Synergistically, GM-CSF (sargramostim) expressed by the oncolytic adenovirus enhances antigen presentation, promotes natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing and causes a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response against tumor cells harboring the oncolytic adenovirus, resulting in an immune-mediated tumor cell death. CGTG-102 is designed to replicate only in cells with defects in the p16/Rb/E2F pathway, attributed to a mutation common in many solid tumors. Replacement of the Ad5 capsid protein knob with a knob domain from serotype 3 causes higher transduction in cancer cells as compared to normal cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GM-K562 cell vaccine

A cell-based vaccine comprised of K562 cells transfected with the granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene with potential immunopotentiating properties. Vaccination with GM-K562 cells may stimulate the host immune system to produce an antitumoral T-lymphocyte response, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. K562 cells are derived from the human erythroleukemia cell line K562. GM-CSF (also known as sagramostim) expressed by vaccine cells binds to specific cell surface receptors, modulating the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production. GM-CSF also promotes antigen presentation, up-regulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated lymphokine-activated killer cell function; it may also augment host antitumoral immunity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gold sodium thiomalate

The sodium salt of gold thiomalic acid, an organogold compound with antirheumatic and potential antineoplastic activities. Gold sodium thiomalate (GST) appears to inhibit the activity of atypical protein kinase C iota (PKCiota) by forming a cysteinyl-aurothiomalate adduct with the cysteine residue Cys-69 within the PB1 binding domain of PKCiota. This prevents the binding of Par6 (Partitioning defective protein 6) to PKCiota, thereby inhibiting PKCiota-mediated oncogenic signaling, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, the promotion of tumor cell differentiation, and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Atypical PKCiota, a serine/threonine kinase overexpressed in numerous cancer cell types, plays an important role in cancer proliferation, invasion, and survival; Par6 is a scaffold protein that facilitates atypical PKC-mediated phosphorylation of cytoplasmic proteins involved in epithelial and neuronal cell polarization. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

goldenrod

A group of North American weedy herbs belonging to the genus Solidago (family Asteraceae) with potential chemopreventive activities. Goldenrod may also possess anti-inflammatory, antiseptic properties, diuretic and antifungal properties, and may relieve chemotherapy-induced side-effects. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

golimumab

A human monoclonal antibody directed against the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) with immunosuppressive activity. Golimumab binds to TNF-a, thereby preventing TNF-a-mediated immune responses. TNF-a production is dysregulated in various auto-immune diseases and in cancer. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

golnerminogene pradenovec

A recombinant agent consisting of a genetically-modified adenovirus 5 vector encoding the protein cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. TNF exhibits potent anti-tumor cytolytic properties; the adenovirus 5 vector efficiently infects tumor cells, delivering tumor-specific TNF. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

golotimod

An orally bioavailable synthetic peptide containing the amino acids D-glutamine and L-tryptophan connected by a gamma-glutamyl linkage with potential immunostimulating, antimicrobial and antineoplastic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, golotimod appears to inhibit the expression of STAT-3, reversing immunosuppression and stimulating an anti-tumor immune response. This agent may stimulate the production of T-lymphocytes (in particular the helper T [Th1] cells), activate macrophages, and increase levels of interleukin 2 and interferon gamma. STAT-3, a transcription factor upregulated in many cancer cell types, is involved in tumor cell growth and survival and immunosuppression. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

golvatinib

An orally bioavailable dual kinase inhibitor of c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) and VEGFR-2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2) tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Golvatinib binds to and inhibits the activities of both c-Met and VEGFR-2, which may inhibit tumor cell growth and survival of tumor cells that overexpress these receptor tyrosine kinases. c-Met and VEGFR-2 are upregulated in a variety of various tumor cell types and play important roles in tumor cell growth, migration and angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue

A synthetic analog of the endogenous hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, GnRH analog mimics endogenous GnRH and strongly binds to and activates pituitary GnRH receptors, which stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropic hormones, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Continuous, prolonged activation by the GnRH analog results in pituitary GnRH receptor desensitization and receptor downregulation. This causes inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin secretion of LH and FSH. In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the production and release of testosterone from Leydig cells in the testes and causes a significant decline in testosterone production that is near the levels seen after castration. This may inhibit androgen receptor-positive tumor progression. In females, this results in a decrease in estradiol production. GnRH, also called luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), is normally synthesized in and secreted by the hypothalamus. Synthetic analogs of GnRH have a stronger receptor binding affinity than the endogenous form. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist OBE2109

An orally bioavailable gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or LHRH) receptor antagonist, with potential hormone production inhibitory activity. Upon oral administration of the GnRH receptor antagonist OBE2109, this agent competes with GnRH for receptor binding and inhibits GnRH receptor signaling in the anterior pituitary gland, thereby inhibiting the secretion and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the release of testosterone. As a result, this may relieve symptoms associated with hormonally dependent disease states such as hormone-dependent prostate cancer. In women, this prevents the production of estrogen by the ovaries and may relieve symptoms from sex-hormone dependent diseases, such as pain associated with endometriosis, heavy menstrual bleeding or uterine fibroids.

Goodbelly Probiotic

(Other name for: Lactobacillus plantarum 299v/Lactobacillus acidophilus/Bifidobacterium lactis probiotic supplement)

goserelin acetate

The acetate salt of a synthetic decapeptide analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). Continuous, prolonged administration of goserelin in males results in inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin secretion, leading to a significant decline in testosterone production; in females, prolonged administration results in a decrease in estradiol production. (NCI04) Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gossypol

An orally-active polyphenolic aldehyde with potential antineoplastic activity. Derived primarily from unrefined cottonseed oil, gossypol induces cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and inducing apoptosis. This agent also inhibits cell-signaling enzymes, resulting in inhibition of cell growth, and may act as a male contraceptive. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gp100 antigen

A melanoma-associated antigen. When administered in a vaccine formulation, gp100 antigen may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell HLA-A2.1-restricted immune response against tumors that express this antigen, which may result in a reduction in tumor size. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gp100:154-162 peptide vaccine

A peptide consisting of amino acid residues 154 through 162 of the melanoma-melanocyte antigen gp100. Vaccination with gp100:154-162 peptide may enhance tumor-specific T-cell immunity. gp100 antigen is a self-antigen expressed by melanocytes, pigmented retinal cells, and most melanoma lesions and is recognized via class I and II HLA-restricted mechanisms. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gp100:209-217(210M) peptide vaccine

A synthetic peptide cancer vaccine consisting of amino acid residues 209 through 217 of the glycoprotein 100 (gp100) melanoma antigen, with a methionine substitution at position 210 designed to improve immunogenicity. Vaccination with gp100:209-217(210M) peptide may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing gp100. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gp100:209-217(210M) peptide vaccine

A synthetic peptide cancer vaccine consisting of amino acid residues 209 through 217 of the glycoprotein 100 (gp100) melanoma antigen, with a methionine substitution at position 210 designed to improve immunogenicity. Vaccination with gp100:209-217(210M) peptide may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing gp100. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gp100:280-288(288V) peptide vaccine

A peptide vaccine consisting of the amino acids 280 through 288 of the melanoma antigen glycoprotein 100 (gp100) with potential antineoplastic activity. gp100:280-288(288V) peptide has a valine substitution at amino acid position 288 to improve immunogenicity. Vaccination with gp100:280-288(288V) peptide may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells positive for the gp100 antigen, resulting in decreased tumor growth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gp100-fowlpox vaccine

A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant fowlpox virus vector encoding the melanoma antigen glycoprotein 100 (gp 100) with potential antineoplastic activity. The expression of gp100 may generate a cellular immune response to melanoma cells; this effect is enhanced by the co-administration of interleukin 2 (IL-2). Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GP2 peptide/GM-CSF vaccine

A vaccine containing a HER2/Neu-derived epitope (amino acids 654-662) (GP2), and combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential antineoplastic and immunoadjuvant activity. Upon vaccination, GP2 may activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against HER2/Neu expressing cancer cells. GM-CSF may potentiate a tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cancer cells expressing the HER2/Neu antigen. HER2/neu, a tumor associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and is highly immunogenic. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

gp96-secreting allogeneic bladder cancer cell vaccine HS-410

An allogeneic urothelial bladder cancer cell vaccine expressing a recombinant secretory form of the immunoadjuvant heat shock protein gp96 fused with an immunoglobulin Fc domain (gp96-Ig) protein, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of the gp96-Ig-secreting allogeneic bladder cancer cell vaccine HS-410, the live, irradiated tumor cells continuously secrete gp96-Ig along with its chaperoned tumor associated antigens (TAAs). This enhances antigen cross presentation to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and, upon expansion, leads to the induction of a potent CTL response against the TAAs on the endogenous bladder cancer cells. This vaccine also induces a memory T cell response that could fight recurring cancer cells. gp96-Ig is constructed by replacing the KDEL endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence of gp96 with the Fc portion of the IgG1 protein. This allows for gp96, normally an ER-resident chaperone peptide, to be released from cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GPI-0100

A semi-synthetic triterpene glycoside, derived from the naturally occurring saponins. GPI-0100 functions as an adjuvant when given as part of a vaccine preparation to improve the immunogenicity of antigens such as proteins, carbohydrates. GPI-0100 containing vaccines have been used with both viral and tumor antigens to elicit a Type 1 helper T cell response for those diseases in which a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is desired. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

GPX-100

An analogue of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin. GPX-100 intercalates DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. GPX-100 was designed to be a non-cardiotoxic anthracycline antibiotic. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

G-quadruplex stabilizer BMVC

A carbazole derivative (3,6-bis[2-(1-methylpyridinium)vinyl]carbazole diiodide) that selectively targets to the G-quadruplex DNA structure, used as a fluorescent probe for cancer cytological diagnosis and with potential antitumor activity. G-quadruplex stabilizer BMVC, preferentially uptaken by cancer cells, binds to and stabilizes the telomeric G-quadruplex structure at the end of DNA; when visualized with fluorescent imaging device, BMVC emits bright fluorescent light and can be used to differentiate tumor cells from normal cells. The BMVC/G-quadruplex complexes also interfere with the activity of telomerase, which is highly active in tumor cells and plays a key role in tumorigenesis while expressed at very low levels in most somatic cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)