Tratamiento del cáncer de próstata (PDQ®)–Versión para pacientes
SECCIONES
- Información general sobre el cáncer de próstata
- Estadios del cáncer de próstata
- Cáncer de próstata recidivante
- Aspectos generales de las opciones de tratamiento
- Opciones de tratamiento por estadio
- Opciones de tratamiento para el cáncer de próstata recidivante
- Información adicional sobre el cáncer de próstata
- Información sobre este sumario del PDQ
- Ver todas las secciones
Información general sobre el cáncer de próstata
PUNTOS IMPORTANTES
- El cáncer de próstata es una enfermedad en la que se forman células malignas (cancerosas) en los tejidos de la próstata.
- Los signos posibles de cáncer de próstata incluyen el flujo débil o la excreción frecuente de orina.
- Para detectar (encontrar) y diagnosticar el cáncer de próstata se utilizan pruebas que examinan la próstata y la sangre.
- Ciertos factores afectan el pronóstico (probabilidad de recuperación) y las opciones de tratamiento.
El cáncer de próstata es una enfermedad en la que se forman células malignas (cancerosas) en los tejidos de la próstata.
La próstata es una glándula del aparato reproductor masculino que queda justo debajo de la vejiga (el órgano que recoge y desecha la orina) y delante del recto (la parte inferior del intestino). Su tamaño es como el de una nuez y rodea una parte de la uretra (el tubo que conduce la orina al exterior desde la vejiga). La glándula prostática elabora un líquido que es parte del semen.
El cáncer de próstata es más común en hombres de edad avanzada. En los Estados Unidos, aproximadamente 1 de 5 hombres recibirá un diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata.
Los signos posibles de cáncer de próstata incluyen el flujo débil o la excreción frecuente de orina.
Estos y otros signos y síntomas pueden ser producto del cáncer de próstata o de otras afecciones. Consulte con su médico si presenta cualquiera de los siguientes problemas:
- Flujo de orina débil o interrumpido ("para y sale").
- Ganas repentinas de orinar.
- Aumento de la frecuencia de ir a orinar (en especial, por la noche).
- Dificultad para iniciar el flujo de orina.
- Dificultad para vaciar la vejiga por completo.
- Dolor o ardor al orinar.
- Presencia de sangre en la orina o el semen.
- Dolor en la espalda, las caderas o la pelvis que no desaparece.
- Falta de aire, sensación de mucho cansancio, latidos rápidos del corazón, mareo o piel pálida a causa de anemia.
Hay otras afecciones que pueden producir los mismos síntomas. En la medida en que los hombres envejecen, la próstata se puede volver más grande y obstruir la uretra o la vejiga. Esto puede causar problemas urinarios o sexuales. Esta afección se llama hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) y, aunque no es cancerosa, es posible que se necesite cirugía. Los síntomas de la hiperplasia prostática benigna u otros problemas de próstata pueden ser similares a aquellos del cáncer de próstata.
Para detectar (encontrar) y diagnosticar el cáncer de próstata se utilizan pruebas que examinan la próstata y la sangre.
Se pueden utilizar las siguientes pruebas y procedimientos:
- Examen físico y antecedentes : examen del cuerpo para revisar el estado general de salud e identificar cualquier signo de enfermedad, como masas o cualquier otra cosa que no parezca normal. También se toman datos sobre los hábitos de salud del paciente, así como los antecedentes de enfermedades y los tratamientos aplicados en cada caso.
- Examen digital del recto (EDR): examen del recto. El médico o enfermero inserta un dedo dentro de un guante lubricado en el recto y palpa la próstata a través de la pared del recto en busca de bultos o áreas anormales.
- Prueba del antígeno prostático específico (APE): prueba de laboratorio que mide las concentraciones del APE en la sangre. El APE es una sustancia elaborada por la próstata que se puede encontrar en una mayor cantidad en la sangre de los hombres que tienen cáncer de próstata. La concentración de APE también puede ser elevada en los hombres que sufren una infección o una inflamación de la próstata, o que tienen HPB (próstata agrandada, pero no cancerosa).
- Ecografía transrectal : procedimiento en el cual se inserta en el recto una sonda que tiene aproximadamente el tamaño de un dedo para examinar la próstata. La sonda se utiliza para hacer rebotar ondas de sonido de alta energía (ultrasónico) en los tejidosinternos de la próstata y crear ecos. Los ecos forman una imagen de los tejidos corporales que se llama ecograma. La ecografía transrectal se puede usar durante una biopsia.
- IRM (imágenes por resonancia magnética) transrectal: procedimiento que utiliza un imán, ondas de radio y una computadora para crear una serie de imágenes detalladas de áreas internas del cuerpo. Se inserta un transductor por el recto el cual emite ondas de radio cerca de la próstata. Esto ayuda a que la máquina de IRM tome imágenes más claras de la próstata y el tejido circundante. La IRM transrectal se realiza para determinar si el cáncer se ha diseminado fuera de la próstata, hacia los tejidos cercanos. Este procedimiento también se llama imágenes por resonancia magnética nuclear (IRMN).
- Biopsia: extracción de células o tejidos realizada por un patólogo para observarlos al microscopio. El patólogo observa la muestra de tejido para ver si hay células cancerosas y determinar el puntaje de Gleason. El puntaje de Gleason varía entre 2 y 10, y determina la probabilidad de que el tumor se disemine. Cuanto más bajo es el puntaje, menor la probabilidad de diseminación del tumor.La biopsia transrectal se usa para diagnosticar el cáncer de próstata. La biopsia transrectal consiste en extirpar el tejido de la próstata mediante la introducción de una aguja fina a través del recto hasta la próstata. Por lo general, este procedimiento se realiza mediante una ecografía transrectal para ayudar a guiar al sitio donde se toman las muestras de tejido. Un patólogo observa el tejido bajo un microscopio para determinar la presencia de células cancerosas.
Ciertos factores afectan el pronóstico (probabilidad de recuperación) y las opciones de tratamiento.
El pronóstico (probabilidad de recuperación) y las opciones de tratamiento dependen de los siguientes aspectos:
Las opciones de tratamiento también pueden depender de los siguientes aspectos:
- Si el paciente presenta otros problemas de salud.
- Los efectos secundarios previstos del tratamiento.
- Tratamiento previo por cáncer de próstata.
- Los deseos del paciente.
La mayoría de los hombres con diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata no mueren por esta causa.
Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)—Patient Version - National Cancer Institute
Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version
SECTIONS
General Information About Prostate Cancer
KEY POINTS
- Prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the prostate.
- Signs of prostate cancer include a weak flow of urine or frequent urination.
- Tests that examine the prostate and blood are used to detect (find) and diagnose prostate cancer.
- Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
- Prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the prostate.
- Signs of prostate cancer include a weak flow of urine or frequent urination.
- Tests that examine the prostate and blood are used to detect (find) and diagnose prostate cancer.
- Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
Prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the prostate.
The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system. It lies just below the bladder (the organ that collects and empties urine) and in front of the rectum (the lower part of the intestine). It is about the size of a walnut and surrounds part of the urethra (the tube that empties urine from the bladder). The prostate gland makes fluid that is part of the semen.
Prostate cancer is most common in older men. In the U.S., about 1 out of 5 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer.
The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system. It lies just below the bladder (the organ that collects and empties urine) and in front of the rectum (the lower part of the intestine). It is about the size of a walnut and surrounds part of the urethra (the tube that empties urine from the bladder). The prostate gland makes fluid that is part of the semen.
Prostate cancer is most common in older men. In the U.S., about 1 out of 5 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Signs of prostate cancer include a weak flow of urine or frequent urination.
These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by prostate cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:
- Weak or interrupted ("stop-and-go") flow of urine.
- Sudden urge to urinate.
- Frequent urination (especially at night).
- Trouble starting the flow of urine.
- Trouble emptying the bladder completely.
- Pain or burning while urinating.
- Blood in the urine or semen.
- A pain in the back, hips, or pelvis that doesn't go away.
- Shortness of breath, feeling very tired, fast heartbeat, dizziness, or pale skin caused by anemia.
Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. As men age, the prostate may get bigger and block the urethra or bladder. This may cause trouble urinating or sexual problems. The condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and although it is not cancer, surgery may be needed. The symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia or of other problems in the prostate may be like symptoms of prostate cancer.
These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by prostate cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:
- Weak or interrupted ("stop-and-go") flow of urine.
- Sudden urge to urinate.
- Frequent urination (especially at night).
- Trouble starting the flow of urine.
- Trouble emptying the bladder completely.
- Pain or burning while urinating.
- Blood in the urine or semen.
- A pain in the back, hips, or pelvis that doesn't go away.
- Shortness of breath, feeling very tired, fast heartbeat, dizziness, or pale skin caused by anemia.
Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. As men age, the prostate may get bigger and block the urethra or bladder. This may cause trouble urinating or sexual problems. The condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and although it is not cancer, surgery may be needed. The symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia or of other problems in the prostate may be like symptoms of prostate cancer.
Tests that examine the prostate and blood are used to detect (find) and diagnose prostate cancer.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
- Physical exam and history : An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
- Digital rectal exam (DRE): An exam of the rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum and feels the prostate through the rectal wall for lumps or abnormal areas.
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test : A test that measures the level of PSA in the blood. PSA is a substance made by the prostate that may be found in an increased amount in the blood of men who have prostate cancer. PSA levels may also be high in men who have an infection or inflammation of the prostate or BPH (an enlarged, but noncancerous, prostate).
- Transrectal ultrasound : A procedure in which a probe that is about the size of a finger is inserted into the rectum to check the prostate. The probe is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. Transrectal ultrasound may be used during a biopsy procedure.
- Transrectal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A procedure that uses a strong magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. A probe that gives off radio waves is inserted into the rectum near the prostate. This helps the MRI machine make clearer pictures of the prostate and nearby tissue. A transrectal MRI is done to find out if the cancer has spread outside the prostate into nearby tissues. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
- Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist. The pathologist will check the tissue sample to see if there are cancer cells and find out the Gleason score. The Gleason score ranges from 2-10 and describes how likely it is that a tumor will spread. The lower the number, the less likely the tumor is to spread.
A transrectal biopsy is used to diagnose prostate cancer. A transrectal biopsy is the removal of tissue from the prostate by inserting a thin needle through the rectum and into the prostate. This procedure is usually done using transrectal ultrasound to help guide where samples of tissue are taken from. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
- Physical exam and history : An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
- Digital rectal exam (DRE): An exam of the rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum and feels the prostate through the rectal wall for lumps or abnormal areas.
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test : A test that measures the level of PSA in the blood. PSA is a substance made by the prostate that may be found in an increased amount in the blood of men who have prostate cancer. PSA levels may also be high in men who have an infection or inflammation of the prostate or BPH (an enlarged, but noncancerous, prostate).
- Transrectal ultrasound : A procedure in which a probe that is about the size of a finger is inserted into the rectum to check the prostate. The probe is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. Transrectal ultrasound may be used during a biopsy procedure.
- Transrectal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A procedure that uses a strong magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. A probe that gives off radio waves is inserted into the rectum near the prostate. This helps the MRI machine make clearer pictures of the prostate and nearby tissue. A transrectal MRI is done to find out if the cancer has spread outside the prostate into nearby tissues. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
- Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist. The pathologist will check the tissue sample to see if there are cancer cells and find out the Gleason score. The Gleason score ranges from 2-10 and describes how likely it is that a tumor will spread. The lower the number, the less likely the tumor is to spread.A transrectal biopsy is used to diagnose prostate cancer. A transrectal biopsy is the removal of tissue from the prostate by inserting a thin needle through the rectum and into the prostate. This procedure is usually done using transrectal ultrasound to help guide where samples of tissue are taken from. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
Treatment options also may depend on the following:
- Whether the patient has other health problems.
- The expected side effects of treatment.
- Past treatment for prostate cancer.
- The wishes of the patient.
Most men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die of it.
Treatment options also may depend on the following:
- Whether the patient has other health problems.
- The expected side effects of treatment.
- Past treatment for prostate cancer.
- The wishes of the patient.
Most men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die of it.
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