herenciageneticayenfermedad: NCI Drug Dictionary - National Cancer Institute

NCI Drug Dictionary - National Cancer Institute

178 results found for: V

V930 vaccine: A novel cancer vaccine designed to treat HER-2- and/or CEA-expressing cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VAC regimen: A regimen consisting of vincristine, dactinomycin and cyclophosphamide, which is used for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and ovarian germ cell tumors. (NCI Thesaurus)
vaccine-sensitized draining lymph node cells: Cells isolated from lymph nodes from patients, and activated in vitro to generate tumor-specific effector T cells. Lymph nodes in the lymphatics draining tumors often contain T cells that are immunologically sensitized but functionally deficient. Vaccine-sensitized draining lymph node cells are prepared by isolating these lymphocytes in vitro and stimulating them with cytokines to differentiate into mature effector cells. Vaccine-draining lymph node cells may also be produced by pharmacological activation of lymph node-derived lymphocytes with drugs such as ionomycin or with bacterial toxin; these activated lymphocytes may be expanded in culture with cytokines such as interleukin-2 prior to infusion into the patient. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vaccinia virus (vvDD-CDSR): A highly tumor-selective vaccinia virus (vv) with an engineered double deletion (DD) of the thymidine kinase (tk) and vaccinia growth factor genes and additions of both a cytosine deaminase (CD) gene and a somatostatin receptor (SR) gene with potential oncolytic viral activity. The tk and vaccinia growth factor gene deletions in intratumorally administered vaccinia virus (vvDD-CDSR) help to restrict its replication and cytolytic activity to tumor cells with large nucleotide pools and tumor cells with activation of the EGFR-Ras pathway. Addition of the CD gene to the viral genome allows control of oncolytic viral infection through the administration of the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), converted by CD to the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cells infected with this agent. Addition of the SR gene allows anatomical localization of vaccinia virus (vvDD-CDSR) through the use of octreotide scintigraphy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vaccinia-tyrosinase vaccine: A vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia virus, based on the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), that encodes the melanoma-associated antigen tyrosinase. Vaccination with vaccinia-tyrosinase may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing tyrosinase. Tyrosinase is a melanoma-specific differentiation agent that catalyzes the synthesis of the melanin precursor L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vaccinium myrtillus/Macleaya cordata/Echinacea angustifolia extract granules: A proprietary suspension formulation prepared from granules of standardized extracts from the fruits of Vaccinium myrtillus, the aerial parts of Macleaya cordata and the roots of Echinacea angustifolia, with potential anti-mucositis, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. The main active ingredients of this formulation include anthocyanosides and procyanidins, benzophenanthridinic alkaloids, and alkylamides from V. myrtillus, M. cordata and E. angustifolia extracts, respectively. Upon administration in the mucosal cavity, the anthocyanosides scavenge free radicals, form a protective barrier on the mucosa, and protect the integrity of the capillary vessels; the benzophenanthridine alkaloids prevent the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting NF-kB and may halt the growth of microorganisms; the alkylamides inhibit cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase thereby blocking productions of prostaglandin and leukotriene. Furthermore, alkylamides modulate the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and other cytokines involved in inflammation processes through cannabinoid type 2 receptors and as cannabinomimetics they may also exert analgesic activity. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vactosertib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinase, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta receptor type 1 (TGFBR1), also known as activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, vactosertib inhibits the activity of TGFBR1 and prevents TGF-beta/TGFBR1-mediated signaling. This suppresses tumor growth in TGFBR1-overexpressing tumor cells. TGFBR1, which is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation. Expression of TGF-beta promotes tumor cell proliferation, enhances the migration of tumor cells and suppresses the response of the host immune system to tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vadastuximab talirine: An immunoconjugate consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody that is engineered to contain cysteine residues that are conjugated to the synthetic, DNA cross-linking, pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer SGD-1882, via the protease-cleavable linker maleimidocaproyl-valine-alanine dipeptide, with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody portion of the vadastuximab talirine specifically binds to the cell surface antigen CD33. This causes the internalization of vadastuximab talirine, and the release of the cytotoxic moiety SGD-1882. SGD-1882 binds to and crosslinks DNA, which results in both cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis in CD33-expressing tumor cells. CD33, a transmembrane receptor, is expressed on myeloid leukemia cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vadimezan: A fused tricyclic analogue of flavone acetic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Vadimezan induces the cytokines tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-alpha), serotonin and nitric oxide, resulting in hemorrhagic necrosis and a decrease in angiogenesis. This agent also stimulates the anti-tumor activity of tumor-associated macrophages. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vagestrol: (Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)
Vagifem: (Other name for: therapeutic estradiol)
valacyclovir hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of the L-valyl ester of the antiviral drug acyclovir. Orally administered, valacyclovir is rapidly converted to acyclovir which inhibits viral DNA replication after further conversion to the nucleotide analog acyclovir triphosphate by viral thymidine kinase, cellular guanyl cyclase, and a number of other cellular enzymes. Acyclovir triphosphate competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase; incorporates into and terminates the growing viral DNA chain; and inactivates viral DNA polymerase. The greater antiviral activity of acyclovir against herpes simplex virus (HSV) compared with varicellla-zoster virus (VZV) is due to its more efficient phosphorylation by HSV thymidine kinase. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Valchlor: (Other name for: mechlorethamine hydrochloride gel)
Valcyte: (Other name for: valganciclovir)
valdecoxib: A sulfonamide derivative and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. Valdecoxib selectively binds to and inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, thereby preventing the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, which are involved in the regulation of pain, inflammation, and fever. This NSAID does not inhibit COX-1 at therapeutic concentrations and therefore does not interfere with blood coagulation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Valeriana officinalis extract: An herbal extract isolated from the root of the plant Valeriana officinalis with sedative and anxiolytic activities. Valeriana officinalis extract contains four distinct classes of phytochemical constituents: volatile oils; sesquiterpenoids, including valerenic acid and its hydroxyl and acetoxyl derivative; valepotriates; and volatile pyridine alkaloids. Although the exact mechanism of action has not been established, the sequiterpenoids in Valeriana officinalis extract, particularly valerenic acid, appear to account for its sedative and anxiolytic effects. Valerenic acid is both a subtype-selective GABA-A receptor agonist and a 5HT-5A receptor partial agonist. The sedative-hypnotic benzodiazepines are GABA-A receptor agonists. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
valganciclovir: A synthetic prodrug of ganciclovir, a nucleoside analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, with antiviral activity. After phosphorylation, valganciclovir is incorporated into DNA, resulting in inhibition of viral DNA polymerase, viral DNA synthesis, and viral replication. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Valparin: (Other name for: divalproex sodium)
valproic acid: A synthetic derivative of propylpentanoic acid with antiepileptic properties and potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenesis activities. In epilepsy, valproic acid appears to act by increasing the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. This agent's antitumor and antiangiogenesis activities may be related to the inhibition of histone deacetylases and nitric oxide synthase, which results in the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
valrubicin: A semisynthetic derivative of the antineoplastic anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin. With a mechanism of action that appears to differ from doxorubicin, valrubicin is converted intracytoplasmically into N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin, which interacts with topoisomerase II, stabilizing the complex between the enzyme and DNA; consequently, DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis are inhibited and the cell cycle is arrested in the G2 phase. In addition, this agent accumulates in the cell cytoplasm where it inhibits protein kinase C (PKC). Valrubicin is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin when administered systemically; applied topically, this agent shows excellent tissue penetration. Structurally, the trifluoro-acetyl moiety on the amino group of the glycoside and the valerate moiety appear to result in a lipophilicity that is greater than of doxorubicin, resulting in increased intracytoplasmic concentrations. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
valsartan: An orally active nonpeptide triazole-derived antagonist of angiotensin (AT) II with antihypertensive properties. Valsartan selectively and competitively blocks the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 subtype receptor in vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland, preventing AT II-mediated vasoconstriction, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, and renal reabsorption of sodium, and resulting in vasodilation, increased excretion of sodium and water, a reduction in plasma volume, and a reduction in blood pressure. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
valspodar: An analogue of cyclosporin-A. Valspodar inhibits p-glycoprotein, the multidrug resistance efflux pump, thereby restoring the retention and activity of some drugs in some drug-resistant tumor cells. This agent also induces caspase-mediated apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Valstar: (Other name for: valrubicin)
Valtrex: (Other name for: valacyclovir hydrochloride)
VAMP Regimen: A chemotherapy regimen consisting of vincristine, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), methotrexate and prednisone used in combination with radiation therapy for the treatment of low-risk childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vancenase: (Other name for: beclomethasone dipropionate)
Vanceril: (Other name for: beclomethasone dipropionate)
vandetanib: An orally bioavailable 4-anilinoquinazoline. Vandetanib selectively inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), thereby blocking VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and migration and reducing tumor vessel permeability. This agent also blocks the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates tumor cell proliferation and migration and angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vandetanib-eluting radiopaque bead BTG-002814: Radiopaque drug-eluting beads (DEBs) that are loaded with vandetanib, a dual inhibitor of both vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic, anti-angiogenic and imaging activities. Upon intra-arterial hepatic artery administration of vandetanib (VTB)-eluting radiopaque beads (VERBs) BTG-002814, the DEBs occlude the tumor blood vessels and deprive tumor cells of oxygen and nutrients, thereby causing hepatic arterial embolization and direct tumor cell death. The VERBs release vandetanib from the beads in a sustained manner. Vandetanib selectively inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of both VEGFR and EGFR, thereby blocking both VEGF/VEGFR- and EGF/EGFR-stimulated signaling and inhibiting cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis in VEGFR/EGFR-expressing hepatic tumor cells. The DEBs, controlled release microspherical devices, cause low systemic exposure and prevent systemic toxicity of vandetanib. DEBs also deliver high concentrations of vandetanib in the tumor for a controlled and extended period of time. Use of radiopaque DEBs allows for visualization of both the bead location and the degree of embolization upon imaging.
Vanicream Sunscreen SPF 60: (Other name for: titanium dioxide/zinc oxide sunscreen cream SPF 60)
Vaniqa: (Other name for: eflornithine hydrochloride)
Vanos: (Other name for: fluocinonide cream)
Vantas: (Other name for: histrelin acetate)
vantictumab: A monoclonal antibody directed against the Wnt signaling pathway with potential antineoplastic activity. Vantictumab binds to certain receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway thereby preventing the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. This may result in an inhibition of cancer stem cell (CSC) activity and a subsequent inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The Wnt signaling pathway is dysregulated in many cancer cell types and appears to play a major role in CSC regulation and activity; CSC are tumor initiating cells that are able to self-renew and are responsible for tumor growth and resistance.
Vantin: (Other name for: cefpodoxime proxetil)
Vaqta: (Other name for: hepatitis A vaccine)
vardenafil hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of vardenafil, a benzenesulfonamide derivative and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with vasodilatory activity. Vardenafil selectively inhibits PDE5, thus inhibiting the degradation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) found in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis. The inhibition of cGMP degradation results in prolonged muscle relaxation, vasodilation, and blood engorgement of the corpus cavernosa, thereby prolonging penile erection. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
varenicline: A partial agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype alpha4beta2. Nicotine stimulation of central alpha4beta2 nAChRs located at presynaptic terminals in the nucleus accumbens causes the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which may be associated with the experience of pleasure; nicotine addiction constitutes a physiologic dependence related to this dopaminergic reward system. As an AChR partial agonist, varenicline attenuates the craving and withdrawal symptoms that occur with abstinence from nicotine but is not habit-forming itself. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vargatef: (Other name for: nintedanib)
varicella vaccine: A live attenuated virus vaccine used to prevent chickenpox and shingles, which is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
varicella zoster virus strain Oka/Merck live antigen: A sterile, lyophilized preparation of the Oka/Merck strain of the live, attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV), that can be used to prevent varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, or herpes zoster (HZ), commonly known as shingles. Upon reconstitution and subcutaneous vaccination with the VZV strain Oka/Merck live antigen, this vaccine induces antigen-specific T-cell and B-cell immune responses against the VZV, thereby protecting against VZV infection. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Varivax: (Other name for: varicella zoster virus strain Oka/Merck live antigen)
Varivax: (Other name for: varicella vaccine)
VariZIG: (Other name for: human varicella zoster immune globulin)
VariZIG vaccine: (Other name for: human varicella zoster immune globulin)
varlilumab: A human agonistic monoclonal antibody (MoAb) specific for CD27, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of CDX-1127, this MoAb binds to CD27 and may potentiate the immune response by increasing the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CD27-expressing tumor cells. This may lead to growth inhibition of CD27-expressing tumor cells. In addition, this agent may increase the proliferation and activation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes upon co-administration of TAA-containing vaccines, such as dendritic cell vaccines. CD27, a co-stimulatory molecule and member of the tumor necrosis factor family overexpressed in certain tumor cell types, is constitutively expressed on mature T-lymphocytes, memory B cells and natural killer cells and plays an important role in NK cell mediated cytolytic activity and T and B lymphocyte proliferation and activation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
varlitinib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor family with potential antineoplastic activity. Varlitinib selectively and reversibly binds to both EGFR (ErbB-1) and Her-2/neu (ErbB-2) and prevents their phosphorylation and activation, which may result in inhibition of the associated signal transduction pathways, inhibition of cellular proliferation and cell death. EGFR and Her-2 play important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation and are upregulated in various human tumor cell types. Due to the dual inhibition of both EGFR and Her-2, this agent may be therapeutically more effective than agents that inhibit EGFR or Her-2 alone. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
varlitinib tosylate: The tosylate salt form of varlitinib, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor family with potential antineoplastic activity. Varlitinib selectively and reversibly binds to both EGFR (ErbB-1) and Her-2/neu (ErbB-2) and prevents their phosphorylation and activation, which may result in inhibition of the associated signal transduction pathways, inhibition of cellular proliferation and cell death. EGFR and Her-2 play important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation and are upregulated in various human tumor cell types. Due to the dual inhibition of both EGFR and Her-2, this agent may be therapeutically more effective than agents that inhibit EGFR or Her-2 alone. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Varubi: (Other name for: rolapitant hydrochloride)
Vasal: (Other name for: papaverine hydrochloride)
vascular disrupting agent BNC105P: A benzofuran-based vascular disrupting agent (VDA) prodrug with potential anti-vascular and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration vascular disrupting agent BNC105P, the disodium phosphate ester of BNC105, is rapidly converted to BNC105; in activated endothelial cells, BNC105 binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which may result in a blockage of mitotic spindle formation, cell cycle arrest, and disruption of the tumor vasculature. Hypoxic conditions ensue, depriving tumor cells of nutrients and resulting in tumor cell apoptosis. In addition to its VDA activity, this agent has a direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. BNC105 is not a substrate for the multidrug-resistance P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transporter. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vascular endothelial growth factor antisense oligonucleotide: An antisense oligonucleotide with potential antiangiogenesis activity. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antisense oligonucleotide binds directly to binds VEGF A/C/D mRNA, leading to mRNA degradation and the inhibition of VEGF A-mediated angiogenesis and VEGF C/D-mediated lymphangiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vaso-Pav: (Other name for: papaverine hydrochloride)
Vasospan: (Other name for: papaverine hydrochloride)
Vasotec: (Other name for: enalapril maleate)
Vasovist: (Other name for: gadofosveset trisodium)
vatalanib: An orally bioavailable anilinophthalazine with potential antineoplastic activity. Vatalanib binds to and inhibits the protein kinase domain of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2; both receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in angiogenesis. This agent also binds to and inhibits related receptor tyrosine kinases, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor, c-Kit, and c-Fms. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VCL-CB01 vaccine: A vaccine consisting of two plasmids encoding the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) tegument phosphoprotein 65 (pp65), a major internal matrix protein, and glycoprotein B (gB), an important CMV component responsible for attachment and entry into cells, with immunostimulatory properties. Vaccination with VCL-CB01 may stimulate the host immune system to mount cellular and humoral immune responses against CMV positive cells, resulting in cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VDAC/HK2 modulator ointment VDA-1102: A topical ointment formulation containing a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)/hexokinase 2 (HK2) modulator, with potential activity against certain skin cancers. Upon topical application, VDA-1102, as a protein-protein interaction (PPI) disrupter, allosterically binds to HK2, and causes HK2 to dissociate from VDAC, which prevents glycolysis and triggers apoptosis, thereby inhibiting tumor cell growth in VDAC/HK2-expressing tumor cells without affecting the surrounding healthy skin tissue. The VDAC/HK2 system, over-activated in cancer cells, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation. The VDAC/HK2 association protects cancer cells from apoptosis. HK2 is overexpressed in many malignant cancer tissues that rely on glycolysis, while its expression is limited in normal healthy cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vecabrutinib: An orally available second-generation, reversible inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK; Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, vecabrutinib non-covalently binds to and inhibits the activity of both wild-type and the C481S mutated form of BTK, a resistance mutation in the BTK active site in which cysteine is substituted for serine at residue 481. This prevents the activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway and BTK-mediated activation of downstream survival pathways. This leads to an inhibition of the growth of malignant B-cells that overexpress BTK. Compared to other BTK inhibitors, vecabrutinib does not require interaction with the BTK C481 site and inhibits the proliferation of cells harboring the BTK C481S mutation. Other irreversible BTK inhibitors covalently bind to the C481 site to inhibit BTK’s activity; the C481S mutation prevents that binding. BTK, a member of the Src-related BTK/Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies; it plays an important role in the development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival of B-lymphocytes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vectibix: (Other name for: panitumumab)
Vectrin: (Other name for: minocycline hydrochloride)
vecuronium bromide: The bromide salt form of vecuronium, a synthetic steroid derivative of the naturally occurring alkaloids of curare with a muscle relaxant property. Vecuronium bromide competes with acetylcholine for the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles, thereby inhibiting the action of acetylcholine and blocking the neural transmission without depolarizing the postsynaptic membrane. This leads to skeletal muscle relaxation and paralysis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vedolizumab: A recombinant humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against the human lymphocyte Peyer's patch adhesion molecule 1 (LPAM-1; alpha4beta7; a4b7), with immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, and potential antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, vedolizumab selectively binds to integrin a4b7 and prevents the binding of a4b7, expressed on the surface of a subset of T lymphocytes, to its natural ligand, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), which is mainly expressed on the surface of gut endothelial cells. This prevents a4b7-mediated signaling, adhesion of lymphocytes to the endothelium and the migration of T lymphocytes across the endothelium into inflamed gastrointestinal (GI) tissue. By preventing this infiltration to the affected area, inflammation is reduced. The human lymphocyte a4b7 integrin, plays a key role in gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation; it is overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells. The alpha4beta7/MAdCAM-1 signaling pathway plays a critical role in the homing of T lymphocytes to intestinal tissue. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VEGF inhibitor PTC299: An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis with potential antiangiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. VEGF inhibitor PTC299 targets post-transcriptionally by selectively binding the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTR) of VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA), thereby preventing translation of VEGF. This inhibits VEGF protein production and decreases its levels in the tumor and bloodstream. In turn, this may result in the inhibition of migration, proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, microvessel formation, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and eventually the induction of tumor cell death. VEGFs are upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and play key roles during angiogenesis. In addition, PTC299 may enhance the antitumor activity of other chemotherapeutic agents. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VEGF/HGF-targeting DARPin MP0250: A designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPin)-based agent targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Compared to antibodies, DARPins are small in size, have favorable pharmacokinetics and allow for both high affinity binding and efficacy. Upon administration, the VEGF/HGF-targeting DARPin MP0250 binds to and inhibits both HGF and VEGF. This prevents HGF- and VEGF-mediated signaling, and inhibits the growth of HGF/VEGF-overexpressing tumor cells. This agent also prevents osteolysis, due to the inhibitory effect on HGF signaling. HGF and VEGF are overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types and are associated with increased cell proliferation, migration and adhesion. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VEGFR inhibitor KRN951: An orally bioavailable quinoline-urea derivative inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1 and 2 with potential antiangiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. VEGFR inhibitor KRN951 inhibits VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFRs 1 and 2, which may result in inhibition of migration, proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, microvessel formation, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and tumor cell death. Expression of VEGFRs may be upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VEGFR/FGFR inhibitor ODM-203: An orally available inhibitor of the human vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. VEGFR/FGFR inhibitor ODM-203 inhibits both VEGFRs and FGFRs, which may result in the inhibition of VEGFR- and FGFR-mediated signaling. This leads to an inhibition of angiogenesis and cell proliferation in tumor cells overexpressing VEGFR and/or FGFR. Both VEGFRs and FGFRs belong to the superfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases and are upregulated in various tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VEGFR/PDGFR dual kinase inhibitor TAK-593: An oral formulation containing a small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of both vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. TAK-593 selectively binds to and inhibits VEGFR and PDGFR, which may result in the inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VEGFR/PDGFR dual kinase inhibitor X-82: An orally available small molecule dual inhibitor targeting human vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) with antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. VEGFR/PDGFR dual kinase inhibitor X-82 inhibits all isoforms of VEGFR and PDGFR, which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation, and the induction of tumor cell death. Both VEGFRs and PDGFRs are receptor tyrosine kinases that may be upregulated in various tumor cell types. VEGFR/PDGFR dual kinase inhibitor X-82 has been shown to reduce tissue toxicity by 95 percent compared with first-generation kinase inhibitors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VEGFR1-1084 peptide vaccine: A peptide vaccine containing an HLA-A*2402-restricted epitope of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1 or Flt-1) with potential immunostimulating, antiangiogenic, and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination, VEGFR1-1084 peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against VEGFR1-expressing endothelial cells of the tumor microvasculature, which may inhibit tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. VEGFR1, a receptor tyrosine kinase, may be overexpressed on endothelial cells of the tumor microvasculature and is associated with tumor cell proliferation, invasion and tumor angiogenesis. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VEGFR-2 DNA vaccine VXM01: An orally available DNA cancer vaccine containing an attenuated strain of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium encoding murine vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) (VXM01), with potential immunomodulating, anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration and successful transduction, VEGFR-2 DNA vaccine VXM01 expresses VEGFR-2 in addition to inducing the expression of T-cell activation markers, such as CD25, interleukin-2, the early T-cell activation antigen CD69 and the lymphocyte function-associated antigen LFA-2. The immune response targets the fast growing VEGFR-2 expressing endothelial cells found in the tumor vasculature, thereby blocking angiogenesis which may ultimately inhibit tumor cell proliferation. VEGFR-2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed on proliferating endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature.
VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor PF-00337210: An orally available ATP-competitive inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2), with potential anti-angiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor PF-00337210 selectively binds to VEGFR2 and prevents its phosphorylation which may result in an inhibition of migration, proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, microvessel formation, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and may eventually cause tumor cell death. VEGFR2, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is frequently overexpressed by a variety of tumor types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VEGFR2-169 peptide vaccine: A peptide vaccine containing an HLA-A*2402-restricted epitope of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 2 with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, VEGFR2-169 peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against VEGFR2-expressing tumor cells. VEGFR2, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed by a variety of tumor types; overexpression is associated with tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
VEGFR2-targeted contrast agent BR55: A lipopeptide-based, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGRF2) -targeted contrast agent with the property of molecular imaging of angiogenesis. BR55 is prepared by incorporation of a biospecific heterodimer peptide into the perfluorobutane-containing lipid-shelled microbubble membrane; the peptide specifically binds to VEGFR2 expressed on tumoral vascular endothelium allowing ultrasound imaging of the sites of active angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Veglin: (Other name for: vascular endothelial growth factor antisense oligonucleotide)
VeIP regimen: A regimen consisting of vinblastine, ifosfamide and cisplatin used for the treatment of advanced-stage germ cell gonadal cancers. (NCI Thesaurus)
velafermin: A recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-20 (rhFGF-20) protein with pro-proliferative activity. Velafermin stimulates DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, specifically promoting epithelial and mesenchymal cell proliferation, and may prevent radiation or chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Velcade: (Other name for: bortezomib)
veliparib: A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) -1 and -2 inhibitor with chemosensitizing and antitumor activities. With no antiproliferative effects as a single agent at therapeutic concentrations, ABT-888 inhibits PARPs, thereby inhibiting DNA repair and potentiating the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents. PARP nuclear enzymes are activated by DNA single or double strand breaks, resulting in the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of other nuclear DNA binding proteins involved in DNA repair; poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation contributes to efficient DNA repair and to survival of proliferating cells exposed to mild genotoxic stresses as induced by as oxidants, alkylating agents or ionizing radiation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
veltuzumab: A fully humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen with potential antineoplastic activity. Following binding, veltuzumab triggers complement-dependent cell lysis (CDCL) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in cells that overexpress CD20. CD20 antigen is a hydrophobic transmembrane protein located on pre-B and mature B lymphocytes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vemurafenib: An orally bioavailable, ATP-competitive, small-molecule inhibitor of BRAF(V600E) kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Vemurafenib selectively binds to the ATP-binding site of BRAF(V600E) kinase and inhibits its activity, which may result in an inhibition of an over-activated MAPK signaling pathway downstream in BRAF(V600E) kinase-expressing tumor cells and a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. Approximately 90% of BRAF gene mutations involve a valine-to-glutamic acid mutation at residue 600 (V600E); the oncogene protein product, BRAF(V600E) kinase, exhibits a markedly elevated activity that over-activates the MAPK signaling pathway. The BRAF(V600E) gene mutation has been found to occur in approximately 60% of melanomas, and in about 8% of all solid tumors, including melanoma, colorectal, thyroid and other cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Venclexta: (Other name for: venetoclax)
venetoclax: An orally bioavailable, selective small molecule inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Venetoclax mimics BH3-only proteins, the native ligands of Bcl-2 and apoptosis activators, by binding to the hydrophobic groove of Bcl-2 proteins thereby repressing Bcl-2 activity and restoring apoptotic processes in tumor cells. Bcl-2 protein is overexpressed in some cancers and plays an important role in the regulation of apoptosis; its expression is associated with increased drug resistance and tumor cell survival. Compared to the Bcl-2 inhibitor navitoclax, this agent does not inhibit bcl-XL and does not cause bcl-XL-mediated thrombocytopenia. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
venlafaxine: A synthetic phenethylamine bicyclic derivative with antidepressant activity. Venlafaxine and its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV), are potent inhibitors of neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and weak dopamine reuptake inhibitors. This agent may reduce hormone-related vasomotor symptoms. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Venofer: (Other name for: iron sucrose injection)
Venoglobulin-I: (Other name for: therapeutic immune globulin)
Venoglobulin-S: (Other name for: therapeutic immune globulin)
Ventavis: (Other name for: iloprost)
Ventolin: (Other name for: albuterol sulfate)
vepoloxamer: A purified form of the non-ionic polyoxypropylene-based copolymer poloxamer 188 comprised of a hydrophobic core with hydrophilic side chains, with cytoprotective, hemorrheologic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and fibrinolytic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is not fully elucidated, upon intravenous administration, the hydrophobic polyoxypropylene core of vepoloxamer reversibly adheres to hydrophobic sites of damaged cell membranes, thereby fully covering the damaged sites. This prevents the attachment of other hydrophobic molecules, cell leakage of contents, such as ions, and restores the integrity of the damaged cell. Binding of vepoloxamer to damaged cells in the blood vessel walls prevents cell aggregation and improves blood flow. By occupying damaged sites, this agent also prevents inflammatory processes, inhibits thrombosis, and induces fibrinolysis. As the hydrophobic region of the lipid cell membrane is not exposed in healthy cells, vepoloxamer does not adhere to healthy cells. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
verapamil: A phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocking agent. Verapamil inhibits the transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, causing dilatation of the main coronary and systemic arteries and decreasing myocardial contractility. This agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein which is overexpressed in some multi-drug resistant tumors and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Verapamil SR: (Other name for: verapamil)
Veregen: (Other name for: kunecatechins ointment)
Vermox: (Other name for: mebendazole)
Versed: (Other name for: midazolam hydrochloride)
verteporfin: A synthetic light-activated agent with photodynamic activity. Upon systemic administration, verteporfin accumulates in neovessels in the eye and, once stimulated by nonthermal red light in the presence of oxygen, produces highly reactive short-lived singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen radicals, resulting in local damage to neovascular endothelium and blood vessel occlusion. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
verubulin hydrochloride: A quinazoline derivative with potential dual antineoplastic activities. Verubulin hydrochloride binds to and inhibits tubulin polymerization and interrupts microtubule formation, resulting in disruption of mitotic spindle assembly, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and cell death. This agent is not a substrate for several subtypes of multidrug resistance ABC transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), and breast cancer resistance protein 1 (BCRP1); therefore, it may be useful for treating multidrug resistant (MDR) tumors that express these transporters. In addition, as a vascular disrupting agent (VDA), MPC-6827 appears to disrupt tumor microvasculature specifically, which may result in acute ischemia and massive tumor cell death. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Verzenio: (Other name for: abemaciclib)
Vesanoid: (Other name for: tretinoin)
Vfend: (Other name for: voriconazole)
viagenpumatucel-L: A proprietary, allogeneic tumor cell vaccine expressing a recombinant secretory form of the heat shock protein gp96 fusion (gp96-Ig) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of viagenpumatucel-L, the irradiated live tumor cells continuously secrete gp96-Ig along with its chaperoned tumor associated antigens (TAAs) into the blood stream, thereby activating antigen presenting cells, natural killer cells and priming potent cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to respond against TAAs on the endogenous tumor cells. Furthermore, this vaccine may induce long-lived memory T cells that could fight recurring cancer cells. gp96-Ig is constructed by replacing the KDEL retention sequence of gp96, normally an endoplasmatic reticulum-resident chaperone peptide, with the Fc portion of mouse and human IgG1. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Viagmox: (Other name for: moxifloxacin hydrochloride)
Viagra: (Other name for: sildenafil citrate)
Vibativ: (Other name for: telavancin hydrochloride)
Vibramycin: (Other name for: doxycycline calcium)
Vicodin: (Other name for: hydrocodone/acetaminophen)
Victoza: (Other name for: liraglutide)
Victoza: (Other name for: liraglutide)
Victrelis: (Other name for: boceprevir)
vidarabine: A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces antibioticus with antineoplastic activity. Vidarabine inhibits DNA polymerase, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication in tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vidaza: (Other name for: azacitidine)
Videne: (Other name for: povidone-iodine solution)
Videx: (Other name for: didanosine)
Videx EC: (Other name for: didanosine)
Vigil: (Other name for: bi-shRNA-furin/GMCSF-expressing autologous tumor cell vaccine)
vilaprisan: An orally available progestin and selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM), with potential anti-progesterone and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, vilaprisan competitively binds to the progesterone receptor (PR) in progesterone-responsive tissue and inhibits PR-mediated gene expression. This interferes with progesterone activity in the reproductive system and may inhibit PR-mediated proliferative effects in cells overexpressing PRs. As a result, this agent may suppress ovulation and inhibit proliferation of endometrial tissue or uterine fibroid formation.
vildagliptin: A cyanopyrrolidine-based, orally bioavailable inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. Vildagliptin's cyano moiety undergoes hydrolysis and this inactive metabolite is excreted mainly via the urine. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vinblastine sulfate: The sulfate salt of vinblastine, a natural alkaloid isolated from the plant Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) with antineoplastic properties. Vinblastine disrupts microtubule formation and function during mitosis and interferes with glutamic acid metabolism. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vincristine sulfate: The sulfate salt of a natural alkaloid isolated from the plant Vinca rosea Linn with antimitotic and antineoplastic activities. Vincristine binds irreversibly to microtubules and spindle proteins in S phase of the cell cycle and interferes with the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby arresting tumor cells in metaphase. This agent also depolymerizes microtubules and may also interfere with amino acid, cyclic AMP, and glutathione metabolism; calmodulin-dependent Ca++ -transport ATPase activity; cellular respiration; and nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vincristine sulfate liposome: A sphingomyelin/cholesterol liposomal formulation of vincristine sulfate with potential antineoplastic activity. Vincristine, a vinca alkaloid isolated from the plant Vinca rosea, irreversibly binds to and stabilizes tubulin, thereby interrupting microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, thereby preventing the formation of the mitotic spindle and leading to cell cycle arrest in metaphase. Liposomal encapsulation prolongs bioavailability of vincristine, increases its delivery to tumor tissues and reduces its toxicity profile. Compared to standard liposomal delivery, sphingosomal drug delivery further increases circulation time of serum drug and enhances drug accumulation at tumor sites, thereby leading to a further increase in efficacy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vindesine sulfate: The sulfate salt form of vindesine. Vindesine binds to and stabilizes tubulin, thereby interrupting tubulin polymerization and preventing the formation of the mitotic spindle and cell division; treated cells are unable to undergo mitosis and are arrested in metaphase. This agent also disrupts macromolecular synthesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vinetra: (Other name for: muscadine grape skin extract)
vinflunine: A bi-fluorinated derivative of the semi-synthetic vinca alkaloid vinorelbine with antitubulin, antineoplastic, and antiangiogenic activities. Vinflunine inhibits tubulin assembly without any stablization of assembled microtubules at concentrations comparable to those of other vinca alkaloids such as vincristine, vinblastine and vinorelbine; this effect on microtubule dynamics results in cell cycle arrest in mitosis and apoptosis. Compared to other vinca alkaloids, this agent binds weakly to the vinca-binding site, indicating that vinflunine may exhibit reduced neurotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vinorelbine tartrate: The ditartrate salt of a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid derived from the leaves of the periwinkle plant (Vinca rosea) with antineoplastic activity. Vinorelbine binds to tubulin, thereby inhibiting tubulin polymerization into microtubules and spindle formation and resulting in apoptosis of susceptible cancer cells. Inhibition of mitotic microtubules correlates with antitumor activity, whereas inhibition of axonal microtubules seems to correlate with vinorelbine's neurotoxicity. Compared to related vinca alkaloids, vinorelbine is more selective against mitotic than axonal microtubules in vitro, which may account for its decreased neurotoxicity. This agent is also a radiation-sensitizing agent. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vinorelbine tartrate emulsion: An emulsion containing the tartrate salt of the semisynthetic vinca alkaloid vinorelbine with antineoplastic activity. Vinorelbine binds to tubulin, inhibiting tubulin polymerization into microtubules; cell division is prevented, the cell cycle is arrested metaphase and cell death ensues. In this formulation vinorelbine is emulsified in a homogeneous suspension of nanoparticles, which protects the venous endothelium from coming into direct contact with the active ingredient, potentially reducing vinorelbine-associated venous toxicity at the venous injection site. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vinorelbine tartrate oral: An orally bioavailable tartrate salt of vinorelbine, a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid with potential antineoplastic activity. Vinorelbine binds to tubulin, thereby inhibiting tubulin polymerization into microtubules and spindle formation and resulting in apoptosis of susceptible cancer cells. Inhibition of mitotic microtubules correlates with antitumor activity, whereas inhibition of axonal microtubules seems to correlate with vinorelbine's neurotoxicity. Compared to related vinca alkaloids, vinorelbine is more selective against mitotic than axonal microtubules in vitro, which may account for its decreased neurotoxicity. This agent is also a radiation-sensitizing agent. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vintafolide: A water-soluble, folate-receptor-targeted conjugate of folate and the vinca alkaloid desacetylvinblastine monohydrazide (DAVLBH) with potential antineoplastic activity. The folate moiety of vintafolide binds to folic acid receptors on the tumor cell surface and the agent is internalized via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis, delivering the tubulin-binding DAVLBH moiety directly into the tumor cell; DAVLBH binding to tubulin results in the disruption of microtubule assembly-disassembly dynamics, cell cycle arrest, and tumor cell apoptosis. Folic acid receptors are frequently upregulated on the surfaces of many tumor cell types. DAVLBH is a derivative of the natural product vinblastine. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Viokace: (Other name for: pancrelipase)
Vioxx: (Other name for: rofecoxib)
VIP regimen: A regimen consisting of etoposide, ifosfamide and cisplatin used for the treatment of advanced-stage germ cell gonadal cancers. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vira-A: (Other name for: vidarabine)
Viracept: (Other name for: nelfinavir mesylate)
Viramune: (Other name for: nevirapine)
Virazid: (Other name for: ribavirin)
Virazole: (Other name for: ribavirin)
Viread: (Other name for: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate)
Virend: (Other name for: crofelemer)
Virilon: (Other name for: testosterone cypionate)
Virulizin: A natural biological response modifier (BRM) isolated from bovine reticuloendothelial tissue. Viruzlin may enhance cell-mediated immune response to tumor cells by direct macrophage activation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Visco-ease: (Other name for: lamellar body mimetic mouth spray LMS-611)
visilizumab: A humanized, non-Fc receptor (FcR)-binding IgG2 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against CD3 with potential immunosuppressive activity. Visilizumab binds to invariant CD3 epsilon, one of the non-covalently-associated subunits of T-cell receptors (TCRs) on activated T cells. Upon binding to the TCR/CD3 complex, visilizumab induces apoptosis, which may result in the selective clonal deletion of activated pathogenic T cells. This MoAb is engineered with a substitution at amino acid residues 234 and 237 (Val3Ala) within the IgG2 Fc arm, rendering it unable to bind to type II FcRs; accordingly, this agent is less likely to activate type II FcR-expressing resting T cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Visipaque: (Other name for: iodixanol)
vismodegib: An orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Vismodegib targets the Hedgehog signaling pathway, blocking the activities of the Hedgehog-ligand cell surface receptors PTCH and/or SMO and suppressing Hedgehog signaling. The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an important role in tissue growth and repair; aberrant constitutive activation of Hedgehog pathway signaling and uncontrolled cellular proliferation may be associated with mutations in the Hedgehog-ligand cell surface receptors PTCH and SMO. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vistide: (Other name for: cidofovir)
Vistogard: (Other name for: uridine triacetate)
vistusertib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Vistusertib inhibits the activity of mTOR, which may result in the induction of tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in a variety of tumors, plays an important role downstream in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Visudyne: (Other name for: verteporfin)
VitaBlue tablet formation: (Other name for: blueberry powder supplement)
vitamin D: A family of lipo-soluble steroids important to the absorption, metabolism, and function of calcium and phosphorus and the growth and development of bone and tooth enamel. Found naturally in animal tissues, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is formed in the skin when ultraviolet light activates cholesterol conversion into vitamin D3. Ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol (plant vitamin D) forms ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vitamin E: A natural fat-soluble antioxidant with potential chemopreventive activity. Vitamin E ameliorates free-radical damage to biological membranes, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within membrane phospholipids and within circulating lipoproteins. Peroxyl radicals react 1000-fold faster with vitamin E than with PUFA. In the case of oxygen free radical-mediated tumorigenesis, vitamin E may be chemopreventive. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vitamin K: The term "vitamin K" refers to a group of chemically similar fat-soluble compounds called naphthoquinones: vitamin K1 (phytonadione) is found in plants and is the primary source of vitamin K for humans through dietary consumption, vitamin K2 compounds (menaquinones) are made by bacteria in the human gut, and vitamin K3 (menadione) is a water-soluble preparation available for adults only. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the clotting factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z; vitamin K deficiency can result in deficiencies of these coagulation factors and excess bleeding. An injection of vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but may result from chronic malnutrition or an inability to absorb dietary vitamins. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vitamin K1-containing urea skin cream: A topical cream containing urea and 0.1% vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) with topical epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-activating activity. Upon application of vitamin K1-containing urea skin cream, vitamin K1 may locally activate EGFR, thereby abrogating EGFR inhibition in the skin caused by systemic EGFR inhibiting agents. This may help inhibit the acne-like skin rash induced by EGFR antagonists. EGFR, a tyrosine kinase, plays a key role in maintaining epidermal integrity.
vitespen: An autologous cancer vaccine derived from tumor-specific gp96 heat shock proteins. Heat shock proteins chaperone peptides through the endoplasmic reticulum, are key regulators of dendritic cell maturation, migration and antigen processing, and are involved in T-cell activation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vivelle: (Other name for: therapeutic estradiol)
Vizamyl: (Other name for: flutemetamol F-18)
VLP-encapsulated TLR9 agonist CMP-001: An agent composed of an unmethylated CpG motif-rich G10 oligonucleotide, which is an agonist of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), encapsulated in noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of CMP-001, the VLPs are specifically taken up by and release the oligonucleotide into antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs). In turn, the oligonucleotide binds to and activates intracellular TLR9. This stimulates immune signaling pathways, induces the innate immune system and may promote the immune system to attack tumor cells. VLPs stimulate the immune system. TLR9, a member of the TLR family, plays a key role in both pathogen recognition and the activation of innate immunity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vocimagene amiretrorepvec: A replication competent retroviral vector, derived from the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), encoding a modified form of the yeast suicide gene cytosine deaminase (CD) (Toca 511) used as an antineoplastic adjuvant. Upon transcranial injection, vocimagene amiretrorepvec preferentially enters and transfects tumor cells, and expresses cytosine deaminase, an enzyme that catalyzes the intracellular conversion of the prodrug flucytosine (5-FC) into the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). After administration of 5-FC, the tumor can be eradicated upon activation of 5-FU. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
voglibose: A valiolamine derivative and inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase with antihyperglycemic activity. Voglibose binds to and inhibits alpha-glucosidase, an enteric enzyme found in the brush border of the small intestines that hydrolyzes oligosaccharides and disaccharides into glucose and other monosaccharides. This prevents the breakdown of larger carbohydrates into glucose and decreases the rise in postprandial blood glucose levels. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
volasertib: A dihydropteridinone Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Volasertib selectively inhibits Plk1, inducing selective G2/M arrest followed by apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells while causing reversible cell arrest at the G1 and G2 stage without apoptosis in normal cells. Plk1, named after the polo gene of Drosophila melanogaster, is a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in regulating mitotic spindle function in a non-ATP competitive manner. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
volitinib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Volitinib selectively binds to and inhibits the activation of c-Met in an ATP-competitive manner, and disrupts c-Met signal transduction pathways. This may result in cell growth inhibition in tumors that overexpress the c-Met protein. C-Met encodes the hepatocyte growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis; this protein is overexpressed or mutated in a variety of cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
volociximab: A chimeric monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Volociximab binds to and inhibits the activity of alpha(5)beta(1) integrin, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Voltaren: (Other name for: diclofenac sodium)
Voluven: (Other name for: hetastarch)
von Hippel-Lindau peptide vaccine: A cancer vaccine composed of peptides derived from a tumor-associated protein encoded by a mutated Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) oncogene. VHL peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells expressing the VHL tumor-associated protein. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Voraxaze: (Other name for: glucarpidase)
voriconazole: A synthetic triazole with antifungal activity. Voriconazole selectively inhibits 14-alpha-lanosterol demethylation in fungi, preventing the production of ergosterol, an essential constituent of the fungal cell membrane, and resulting in fungal cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vorinostat: A synthetic hydroxamic acid derivative with antineoplastic activity. Vorinostat, a second generation polar-planar compound, binds to the catalytic domain of the histone deacetylases (HDACs). This allows the hydroxamic moiety to chelate zinc ion located in the catalytic pockets of HDAC, thereby inhibiting deacetylation and leading to an accumulation of both hyperacetylated histones and transcription factors. Hyperacetylation of histone proteins results in the upregulation of the cyclin-dependant kinase p21, followed by G1 arrest. Hyperacetylation of non-histone proteins such as tumor suppressor p53, alpha tubulin, and heat-shock protein 90 produces additional anti-proliferative effects. This agent also induces apoptosis and sensitizes tumor cells to cell death processes. Vorinostat crosses the blood-brain barrier. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vorsetuzumab-mafodotin: An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody, directed against the extracellular domain of the human CD70 molecule, conjugated to the auristatin analogue monomethyl auristatin phenylalanine (MMAF), with potential antineoplastic activity. The anti-CD70 antibody moiety of anti-CD70 antibody-drug conjugate SGN-75 selectively binds to the extracellular domain of CD70 on tumor cell surfaces. Upon internalization, the MMAF moiety is released, binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which may result in G2/M phase arrest, tumor cell apoptosis and inhibition of cellular proliferation in tumor cells that overexpress CD70. CD70, the ligand for the costimulatory receptor CD27 and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is found on the surfaces of various types of cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vortioxetine hydrobromide: A hydrobromide salt form of vortioxetine, a serotonin (5-HT) modulator and stimulator (SMS), with antidepressant activity. Vortioxetine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine from the synaptic cleft and acts variably as a serotonin receptor agonist (5-HT1A), partial agonist (5-HT1B) or antagonist (5-HT3, 5-HT1D and 5-HT7). It is not clear how this agent's purported multimodal mechanism of action contributes to its antidepressant effect; however, it is presumed to increase the synaptic availability of serotonin and norepinephrine. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
vosaroxin: A small molecule and a naphthyridine analogue with antineoplastic activity. Vosaroxin intercalates into DNA in a site-specific manner and blocks the re-ligation process carried out by topoisomerase II during DNA replication. As a result, inhibition of DNA replication, RNA and protein synthesis occurs, followed by cell cycle arrest at G2 phase and induced p53-independent apoptosis. This agent shows a favorable toxicity profile in several aspects: it does not generate reactive oxygen species, as do anthracyclines, hence reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity; it is not a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and thereby evades the common mechanism for multidrug resistance; and it has limited distribution to normal tissues and a more chemically stable molecular structure. Check for active clinical trialsusing this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Votrient: (Other name for: pazopanib hydrochloride)
VSL#3: (Other name for: live freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria probiotic)
VSV-hIFNbeta-NIS: A recombinant, replication competent form of the oncolytic RNA virus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), based on the Indiana strain of VSV, that is genetically engineered to express the genes for the human cytokine interferon beta (IFNbeta) and the human thyroidal sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), with potential oncolytic and imaging activities. Upon intravenous administration, VSV-hIFNbeta-NIS is preferentially taken up by tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell infection, viral replication and a direct virus-mediated cytolytic effect against the infected tumor cells. IFN-mediated signaling is defective in tumor cells and tumor cells are unable to exert an anti-viral response against VSV. As normal, healthy cells secrete and respond normally to IFNbeta and are able to activate IFN-mediated anti-viral pathways, the expressed IFNbeta from the VSV-infected tumor cells helps protect normal cells from VSV infection. Upon subsequent administration of certain isotope-containing imaging agents, NIS expression by the infected tumor cells allows visualization and tracking of VSV biodistribution, and analysis and quantification of VSV-infected tumor cells by positron emission tomography (PET). Also, upon subsequent administration of the radioisotope iodine I 131 (I131), I131 can be taken up by NIS and allows for a cytotoxic dose of radiation to accumulate in the NIS-expressing VSV-infected tumor cells, which also leads to tumor cell death. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Vumon: (Other name for: teniposide)
Vytorin: (Other name for: ezetimibe/simvastatin)
Vyvanse: (Other name for: lisdexamfetamine dimesylate)
Vyxeos: (Other name for: daunorubicin hydrochloride and cytarabine liposome)