domingo, 16 de diciembre de 2018

Biggest Threats and Data | Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance | CDC

Biggest Threats and Data | Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance | CDC



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Urgent Threats

Clostridioides difficile

Medical illustration of C. difficile
Type: Bacteria
Also known as: C. difficile or C. diff, previously Clostridium difficile
About: C. difficile causes life-threatening diarrhea and colitis (an inflammation of the colon), mostly in people who have had both recent medical care and antibiotics
Infections per year: 500,000*
Deaths per year: 15,000*
*Updated data from a 2015 CDC study. This data is not reflected in the AR Threats Report.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)

Medical illustration of CRE
Type: Bacteria
Also known as: Nightmare bacteria
About: Some Enterobacteriaceae (a family of germs) are resistant to nearly all antibiotics, including carbapenems, which are often considered the antibiotics of last resort
Drug-resistant infections per year: 9,000
Deaths per year: 600
Learn more: CDC’s CRE website

Drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Medical illustration of gonorrhea
Type: Bacteria
About: N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea, and has progressively developed resistance to the antibiotic drugs prescribed to treat it
Infections per year: 246,000

Serious Threats

Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter

Medical illustration of acinetobacter
Type: Bacteria
About: People with weakened immune systems, including hospitalized patients, are more at risk of getting an Acinetobacter infection, which is resistant to many commonly prescribed antibiotics
Multidrug-resistant infections per year: 7,300
Deaths per year: 500

Drug-resistant Campylobacter

Medical illustration of campylobacter
Type: Bacteria
Also known as:  Campy
About: Campylobacter usually causes diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps, and can spread from animals to people through contaminated food, especially raw or undercooked chicken
Drug-resistance infections per year: 310,000

Fluconazole-resistant Candida

Medical illustration of fluconazole-resistant Candida
Type: Fungus
About: Candida yeasts normally live on skin and mucous membranes without causing infection; however, overgrowth of these microorganisms can cause symptoms to develop
Fluconazole-resistant Candida infections per year: 3,400
Deaths per year: 220

Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae

Medical illustration of E. coli, an example of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae
Type: Bacteria
Also known as: ESBL, or extended-spectrum β-lactamase 
About: ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are resistant to strong antibiotics, including extended spectrum cephalosporins
  • ESBL is an enzyme that allows bacteria to become resistant to a wide variety of penicillin and cephalosporin drugs
  • Bacteria that contain this enzyme are known as ESBLs or ESBL-producing 
Drug-resistant infections per year: 26,000 
Deaths per year: 1,700

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

Medical illustration of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
Type: Bacteria
Also known as: VRE
About: Enterococci cause a range of illnesses, mostly among patients receiving healthcare
Drug-resistant Enterococcus infections per year: 20,000 
Deaths per year: 1,300

Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Medical illustration of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Type: Bacteria
Also known asP. aeruginosa
About: Serious Pseudomonas infections usually occur in people with weakened immune systems, making it a common cause of healthcare-associated infections 
Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas infections per year: 6,700 
Deaths per year: 440

Drug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella

Medical illustration of Drug-resistant non-typhoidal salmonella
Type: Bacteria
  • Non-typhoidal Salmonella includes serotypes (a subdivision of a species) other than Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C 
About: Salmonella spreads from animals to people mostly through food, and usually causes diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 
Drug-resistant Salmonella infections per year: 100,000

Drug-resistant Salmonella Serotype Typhi

Medical illustration of drug-resistant Sslmonella serotype typhi
Type: Bacteria
Also known as: typhoid fever
About: Salmonella Typhi causes a serious disease called typhoid fever, and is spread by contaminated food and water
Drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi per year: 3,800

Drug-resistant Shigella

Medical illustration of shigella
Type: Bacteria
About: Shigella spreads in feces through direct contact or through contaminated surfaces, food, or water, and  most people infected with Shigella develop diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps
Drug-resistant infections per year: 27,000

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Medical illustration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Type: Bacteria
Also known as: MRSA, resistant staph (short for Staphylococcus), resistant S. aureus
About: MRSA is S. aureus that has become resistant to certain antibiotics called beta-lactams, including methicillin
  • Patients in healthcare settings frequently get severe or potentially life-threatening infections, and people can also get MRSA in their community
Severe MRSA infections per year: 80,461 
Deaths per year: 11,285 

Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

Medical illustration of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
Type: Bacteria
Also known as: S. pneumoniapneumococcus
About: S. pneumoniae causes pneumococcal disease, which can range from ear and sinus infections to pneumonia and bloodstream infections 
Drug-resistant infections per year: 1.2 million 
Hospitalizations per year: over 19,000 
Deaths per year: 7,000 

Drug-resistant Tuberculosis

Medical illustration of tuberculosis
Type: Bacteria
Also known as: TB, multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB), or extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)
About: TB is caused by the bacteria M. tuberculosis, and is among the most common infectious diseases and a frequent cause of death worldwide 
Drug-resistant TB cases in 2011: 1,042 
Learn more: CDC’s TB website

Concerning Threats

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)

Medical illustration of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Type: Bacteria
Also known as: VRSA, resistant staph (short for Staphylococcus), resistant S. aureus
About: VRSA is S. aureus that has become resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin, the antibiotic most frequently used to treat serious S. aureus infections 
Cases 2002-2013: 13 in 4 states 

Erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococcus

Medical illustration of erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococcus
Type: Bacteria
Also known as: resistant group A strep, GAS 
About: Group A strep can cause many different infections that range from minor illnesses to very serious and deadly diseases, including strep throat, scarlet fever, and others 
Drug-resistant infections per year: 1,300 
Deaths per year: 160 
Learn more: CDC’s GAS website

Clindamycin-resistant Group B Streptococcus

Medical illustration of clindamycin-resistant Group B Streptococcus
Type: Bacteria
Also known as: resistant group B strep, GBS
About: Group B strep can cause severe illness in people of all ages 
Drug-resistant infections per year: 7,600 
Deaths per year: 440 
Learn more: CDC’s GBS website

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