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Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe
Emerging evidence from China suggests that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is deadlier for infected men than women with a 2.8% fatality rate being reported in Chinese men versus 1.7% in women. Further, sex...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:29Transcriptional analysis of the multiple Sry genes and developmental program at the onset of testis differentiation in the rat
The commonly used laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, is unique in having multiple Sry gene copies found on the Y chromosome, with different copies encoding amino acid variations that influence the resulting prote...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:28Sex differences in traumatic stress reactivity in rats with and without a history of alcohol drinking
Alcohol misuse and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid, and treatment outcomes are worse in individuals with both conditions. Although more men report experiencing traumatic events than w...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:27Fetal sex and maternal pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Since the placenta also has a sex, fetal sex–specific differences in the occurrence of placenta-mediated complications could exist.Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:26Sex- and growth-specific characteristics of small for gestational age infants: a prospective cohort study
Asymmetric fetal growth and male sex are both associated with adverse neonatal outcome. However, less is known about the influence of asymmetric growth and fetal sex within SGA neonates, a group of infants alr...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:25The impact of sex and gender on immunotherapy outcomes
Immunotherapies are often used for the treatment, remission, and possible cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers. Empirical evidence illustrates that females and males differ in outcomes...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:24Sex-related differences in markers of immune activation in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients
Gender-specific studies remain a neglected area of biomedical research. Recent reports have emphasized that sex-related biological factors may affect disease progression during HIV-1 infection. The aim of this...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:23Alterations of neural network organization during REM sleep in women: implication for sex differences in vulnerability to mood disorders
Sleep plays an important role in vulnerability to mood disorders. However, despite the existence of sex differences in vulnerability to mood disorders, no study has yet investigated the sex effect on sleep net...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:22Sex-specific clustering of metabolic risk factors and cancer risk: a longitudinal study in Iran
Cancer is a major cause of death in low- and middle-income countries. A large number of studies have shown that some of the metabolic risk factors (MRFs) tend to cluster in individuals. We examined the synergi...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:21Social functioning outcomes in men and women receiving medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder
Social functioning (SF), the ability to engage with life and fulfill roles may be a salient “patient important outcome” in addiction treatment. It is not known if medication-assisted treatment (MAT) impacts SF...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:20Age-period-cohort effects in pre-existing and pregnancy-associated diseases amongst primiparous women
The average age at first birth is steadily increasing in developed countries; however, demographic shifts in maternal age at childbearing have not occurred in isolation. While temporal increases in adverse pre...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:19Sex differences in vascular aging in response to testosterone
Large elastic arterial stiffening and endothelial dysfunction are phenotypic characteristics of vascular aging, a major risk factor for age-associated cardiovascular diseases. Compared to men, vascular aging i...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:18Sex differences in cancer mechanisms
We now know that cancer is many different diseases, with great variation even within a single histological subtype. With the current emphasis on developing personalized approaches to cancer treatment, it is as...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:17Calorie intake is associated with weight gain during transition phase of nutrition in female extremely low birth weight infants
We sought to determine whether there are sex-based differences in the requirements for calories or protein for optimal growth during the transition phase (TP) when an extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant, ...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:16Ovarian status modulates cardiovascular autonomic control and oxidative stress in target organs
Studies have presented conflicting findings regarding the association between both fluctuation and deprivation of ovarian hormones and cardiovascular autonomic modulation and oxidative stress and their potenti...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:15Pregnancy-associated cardiac dysfunction and the regulatory role of microRNAs
Many crucial cardiovascular adaptations occur in the body during pregnancy to ensure successful gestation. Maladaptation of the cardiovascular system during pregnancy can lead to complications that promote car...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:14Sex-specific and shared expression profiles of vulnerability and resilience to trauma in brain and blood
While post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined by behavioral/cognitive symptoms most directly relevant to brain function, it can be considered a systemic disorder characterized by a distinct inability ...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:13Neuroprotective and neurotoxic outcomes of androgens and estrogens in an oxidative stress environment
The role of sex hormones on cellular function is unclear. Studies show androgens and estrogens are protective in the CNS, whereas other studies found no effects or damaging effects. Furthermore, sex difference...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:12Early progression of pulmonary hypertension in the monocrotaline model in males is associated with increased lung permeability
The mechanisms involved in pulmonary hypertension (PH) development in patients and pre-clinical models are poorly understood. PH has a well-established sex dimorphism in patients with increased frequency of PH...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:11Obesity: sex and sympathetics
Obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in men, but not women. Here, we review current evidence suggesting that sexually dimorphic sympathoexcitatory responses to leptin and insulin may contribute. ...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:10Effects of fasting on the expression pattern of FGFs in different skeletal muscle fibre types and sexes in mice
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) belong to a large family comprising 22 FGF polypeptides that are widely expressed in tissues. Most of the FGFs can be secreted and involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:9Sex difference in dopamine D1-D2 receptor complex expression and signaling affects depression- and anxiety-like behaviors
Depression and anxiety are more common among females than males and represent a leading cause of disease-related disability in women. Since the dopamine D1-D2 heteromer is involved in depression- and anxiety-l...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:8Long-term exercise results in morphological and biomechanical changes in coronary resistance arterioles in male and female rats
Biomechanical remodeling of coronary resistance arteries in physiological left ventricular hypertrophy has not yet been analyzed, and the possible sex differences are unknown.Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:7Sex differences in muscle activity and motor variability in response to a non-fatiguing repetitive screwing task
Musculoskeletal disorders are more prevalent among women than among men, which may be explained by aspects of motor control, including neuromuscular requirements and motor variability. Using an exploratory app...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:6Sex-specific association between the gut microbiome and high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice
Accumulating evidence indicates that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders are associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. However, the sex-specific characteristics of the gut microbiota and its...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:56β-Hydroxytestosterone, a metabolite of testosterone generated by CYP1B1, contributes to vascular changes in angiotensin II-induced hypertension in male mice
Previously, we showed that 6β-hydroxytestosterone (6β-OHT), a cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)-derived metabolite of testosterone, contributes to angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension in male mice. This stu...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:4SeXY chromosomes and the immune system: reflections after a comparative study
Sex bias in immune function has been contributed in part to a preponderance of immune system-related genes (ISRG) on the X-chromosome. We verified whether ISRG are more abundant on the X chromosome as compared...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:3Estrogen modulation of pain perception with a novel 17β-estradiol pretreatment regime in ovariectomized rats
Estrogen plays substantial roles in pain modulation; however, studies concerning sex hormones and nociception often yield confusing results. The discrepancy could be a result of lack of consensus to regard est...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:2Sex differences in the risk of vascular disease associated with diabetes
Diabetes is a strong risk factor for vascular disease. There is compelling evidence that the relative risk of vascular disease associated with diabetes is substantially higher in women than men. The mechanisms...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:1Novel human sex-typing strategies based on the autism candidate gene NLGN4X and its male-specific gametologue NLGN4Y
Since the early days of PCR techniques, sex identification, “sex-typing,” of genomic DNA samples has been a fundamental part of human forensic analysis but also in animal genetics aiming at strategic livestock...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:62Sex differences in the ability of corticostriatal oscillations to predict rodent alcohol consumption
Although male and female rats differ in their patterns of alcohol use, little is known regarding the neural circuit activity that underlies these differences in behavior. The current study used a machine learn...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:61Sex differences in clinical presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects women, but previous studies suggest that men with SLE present a more severe disease phenotype. In this study, we investigated a large and well-character...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:60Cardiac hypertrophy with obesity is augmented after pregnancy in C57BL/6 mice
Over a third of reproductive-age women in the USA are obese, and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rising in premenopausal women. Cardiac hypertrophy is an independent predictor of CVD. In cont...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:59The angiotensin II type I receptor contributes to impaired cerebral blood flow autoregulation caused by placental ischemia in pregnant rats
Placental ischemia and hypertension, characteristic features of preeclampsia, are associated with impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation and cerebral edema. However, the factors that contribute to t...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:58Statistical methods for testing X chromosome variant associations: application to sex-specific characteristics of bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder (BD) affects both sexes, but important sex differences exist with respect to its symptoms and comorbidities. For example, rapid cycling (RC) is more prevalent in females, and alcohol use disor...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:57Age-related sex differences in the expression of important disease-linked mitochondrial proteins in mice
The prevalence and progression of many illnesses, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and cancer, vary between women and men, often in an age-dependent manner. A joint hallmark of t...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:56Sex-specific association between the cortisol awakening response and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in healthy individuals
Previous studies have shown associations between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity (HPA). We aimed to investigate the association between obsessive-compulsive...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:55Fetal growth outcomes following peri-implantation exposure of Long-Evans rats to noise and ozone differ by sex
Exposure to air pollution and high levels of noise have both been independently associated with the development of adverse pregnancy outcomes including low birth weight. However, exposure to such environmental...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:54Comparison of uterine fibroids’ growth pattern during pregnancy according to fetal sex: an observational study
To investigate the effect of fetal sex on fibroids’ growth during pregnancy according to the hCG serum levelsBiology of Sex Differences 2019 10:53The influence of biological sex and sex hormones on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis
Obesity and elevated serum lipids are associated with a threefold increase in the risk of developing atherosclerosis, a condition that underlies stroke, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Strateg...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:52Female sex, high soluble CD163, and low HDL-cholesterol were associated with high galectin-3 binding protein in type 1 diabetes
Galectin-3 binding protein (Gal3BP), sCD163, galectin-3, and depression have been linked to cardiovascular disease and mortality. In patients with type 1 diabetes, female sex has also been linked to cardiovasc...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:51Neurochemical sex differences in adult ADHD patients: an MRS study
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. Relevant sex differences in symptomatology are discussed. This study compared brain neurometabolism in the anterior cing...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:50Targeting senescence improves angiogenic potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder characterized by impaired angiogenesis. We postulate that senescence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), multipotent cells with pro-angiogenic activities...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:49Sex differences in fetal growth and immediate birth outcomes in a low-risk Caucasian population
According to the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group recommendations, boys and girls have different growth trajectories after birth. Our aim was to develop gender-specific fetal growth curves in a low...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:48Sexual dimorphism in PAR2-dependent regulation of primitive colonic cells
Sexual dimorphism in biological responses is a critical knowledge for therapeutic proposals. However, gender differences in intestinal stem cell physiology have been poorly studied. Given the important role of...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:47The developmental origins of sex-biased expression in cardiac development
Expression patterns between males and females vary in every adult tissue, even in organs with no conspicuous dimorphisms such as the heart. While studies of male and female differences have traditionally focus...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:46
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