viernes, 19 de julio de 2019

Tratamiento del sarcoma de tejido blando infantil (PDQ®) 5/6 –Versión para profesionales de salud - Instituto Nacional Del Cáncer

Tratamiento del sarcoma de tejido blando infantil (PDQ®)–Versión para profesionales de salud - Instituto Nacional Del Cáncer



Instituto Nacional Del Cáncer



Tratamiento del sarcoma de tejido blando infantil (PDQ®)–Versión para profesionales de salud


Tumores vasculares

Los tumores vasculares varían desde los hemangiomas, que siempre se consideran benignos, hasta los angiosarcomas, que son muy malignos.[289] Los tumores vasculares malignos incluyen los siguientes subtipos:

Hemangioendotelioma epitelioide

Incidencia y desenlace
En 1982, Weiss y Enzinger describieron por primera vez este tumor de tejido blando. Los hemangioendoteliomas epitelioides a veces se presentan a una edad más temprana, pero la incidencia máxima se ubica en la cuarta y quinta décadas de vida. Los tumores pueden tener una evolución poco activa o de gran malignidad; la supervivencia general a 5 años es de 73 %. Hay informes de casos de pacientes con lesiones múltiples que no recibieron tratamiento y que presentaron una evolución muy benigna comparada con la de otros pacientes con una evolución muy maligna. Si bien algunos patólogos han tratado de estratificar a los pacientes para evaluar los riesgos y ajustar el tratamiento, se necesita llevar a cabo más investigación sobre este tema.[290-296]
La presencia de efusiones, un tamaño tumoral mayor de 3 cm y un índice mitótico alto (>3 mitosis/50 campos de gran aumento) se han relacionado con desenlaces desfavorables.[292]
Características histopatológicas y moleculares
Se encontró la fusión génica WWTR1-CAMTA1 en un gran porcentaje de pacientes; con menos frecuencia, se notificó la fusión génica YAP1-TFE3.[290] No es posible dirigir el efecto de los medicamentos actuales de forma directa a estas fusiones. Se ha descrito monoclonalidad en las lesiones hepáticas múltiples, lo que indicaría un proceso metastásico.
Desde el punto de vista histológico, estas lesiones se caracterizan como lesiones epitelioides dispuestas en nidos, hebras y trabéculas, con pocos espacios vasculares. Las características que quizá se relacionen con un comportamiento clínico muy maligno incluyen atipia celular, una o más mitosis por 10 campos de gran aumento, un incremento en la proporción de células fusiformes, necrosis focal y formación ósea metaplásica.[292]
El número de pacientes pediátricos notificados en la bibliografía es limitado.
Cuadro clínico inicial y evaluación diagnóstica
Los sitios comunes de compromiso son: solo el hígado (21 %), hígado y pulmón (18 %), solo el pulmón (12 %) y solo el hueso (14 %).[292,297,298] El cuadro clínico inicial depende del sitio comprometido, como sigue:
  • Hígado: los nódulos hepáticos exhiben vascularización central en la ecografía, mejor contraste de las lesiones en la tomografía computarizada, además de señal T1 baja y señal T2 moderada en las imágenes por resonancia magnética.
  • Pulmón: el hemangioendotelioma epitelioide pulmonar a veces es un hallazgo asintomático en una radiografía de tórax o se relaciona con dolor pleural, hemoptisis, anemia y fibrosis.
  • Hueso: las metástasis óseas a veces se relacionan con una fractura patológica. En las radiografías, hay lesiones osteolíticas bien definidas, múltiples o solitarias.
  • Tejido blando: 30 % de los casos con compromiso de tejido blando se vinculan con metástasis y, cuando están presentes, tienen una evolución muy maligna con escasa respuesta a la quimioterapia.
  • Piel: las lesiones cutáneas se presentan en forma sobresaliente y nodular, o en placas calientes de color marrón rojizo.
Tratamiento del hemangioendotelioma epitelioide
Las opciones de tratamiento del hemangioendotelioma epitelioide son las siguientes:
  1. Observación.
  2. Cirugía.
  3. Inmunoterapia.
  4. Terapia dirigida.
  5. Quimioterapia.
Para los casos de poca malignidad, se justifica la observación. Para los casos más malignos, se han utilizado múltiples medicamentos, como interferón, talidomida, sorafenib, pazopanib y rapamicina.[299] Los casos más malignos se tratan con quimioterapia como la que se utiliza para el angiosarcoma. La cirugía se utiliza siempre que sea posible. El trasplante de hígado se ha utilizado para lesiones hepáticas muy malignas, con metástasis o sin estas.[292,300-303]
Los pacientes o las familias que deseen una terapia adicional dirigida a la enfermedad deberían considerar la participación en ensayos sobre abordajes terapéuticos novedosos ya que con ninguno de los fármacos tradicionales se ha demostrado una actividad clínicamente significativa.
Independientemente de si se decide continuar con una terapia dirigida a la enfermedad en el momento de la progresión, el objetivo principal del tratamiento sigue siendo el cuidado paliativo. Esto garantiza que se aumenta al máximo la calidad de vida mientras se intenta reducir la tensión relacionada con la enfermedad terminal.
Opciones de tratamiento en evaluación clínica para el hemangioendotelioma epitelioide
La información en inglés sobre los ensayos clínicos patrocinados por el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (NCI) se encuentra en el portal de Internet del NCI. Para obtener información en inglés sobre ensayos clínicos patrocinados por otras organizaciones, consultar el portal de Internet ClinicalTrials.gov.
A continuación se presentan ejemplos de ensayos clínicos nacionales o institucionales en curso:
  1. NCT03148275 (Trametinib in Treating Patients with Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma That Is Metastatic, Locally Advanced, or Cannot Be Removed by Surgery): este es un ensayo de fase II en el que se evalúa la eficacia de trametinib, con desenlaces notificados por los pacientes como objetivos secundarios.
  2. NCT01532687 (Gemcitabine Hydrochloride With or Without Pazopanib Hydrochloride in Treating Patients With Refractory Soft Tissue Sarcoma): en este ensayo aleatorizado de fase II se estudia qué tan eficaz es el clorhidrato de gemcitabina con el clorhidrato de pazopanib, o sin este, para tratar a los pacientes con sarcoma de tejido blanco resistente al tratamiento.
Ensayos clínicos en curso
Realizar una búsqueda avanzada en inglés de los ensayos clínicos sobre cáncer auspiciados por el NCI que ahora aceptan pacientes. La búsqueda se puede simplificar por ubicación del ensayo, tipo de tratamiento, nombre del fármaco y otros criterios. También se dispone de información general sobre los ensayos clínicos.

Angiosarcoma de tejido blando

Incidencia
El angiosarcoma es un tumor vascular poco frecuente (representa 2 % de los sarcomas) y de gran malignidad que puede surgir en cualquier parte del cuerpo, pero es más común en el tejido blando. Se calcula que la incidencia del angiosarcoma es de 2 casos por millón de personas; en los Estados Unidos, cada año afecta a alrededor de 600 personas que suelen tener entre 60 y 70 años.[304]
Los angiosarcomas son muy infrecuentes en los niños y no está claro si la fisiopatología de este tumor es diferente en la población pediátrica. Se notificaron casos en recién nacidos y lactantes mayores que presentaron al inicio lesiones cutáneas y hepáticas múltiples, algunas de las cuales expresan GLUT1.[305-308] La mayoría de los angiosarcomas comprometen la piel y el tejido blando superficial, aunque también afectan el hígado, el bazo y el pulmón; con poca frecuencia afectan el hueso.
Factores de riesgo
Los factores de riesgo establecidos incluyen los siguientes:[309]
  • Exposición al cloruro de vinilo.
  • Exposición a la radiación.
  • Linfedema crónico por cualquier causa, incluso el síndrome de Stewart-Treves.
Características histopatológicas y moleculares
Los angiosarcomas son tumores mayormente aneuploides. Los escasos casos de angiosarcoma que surgen de lesiones benignas, como los hemangiomas, siguen una vía distintiva que se necesita investigar. En el angiosarcoma inducido por radiación se observa amplificación de MYC. Las mutaciones KDR-VEGFR2 y las amplificaciones de FLT4-VEGFR3 se han observado con una frecuencia de menos de 50 %.[309]
Es posible que el diagnóstico histopatológico sea muy difícil porque a veces hay áreas de atipia variada. La característica común es una red irregular de canales en un modelo de disección a lo largo de haces de colágeno dérmico. Hay variación de forma celular, tamaño celular, mitosis, múltiples capas de endotelio y formación papilar. También puede haber células epitelioides. La necrosis y la hemorragia son comunes. Los tumores se tiñen para analizar el factor VIII, el CD31 y el CD34. Algunas lesiones hepáticas se parecen a los hemangiomas infantiles y tienen expresión focal de GLUT1. La nomenclatura de estas lesiones hepáticas ha sido difícil y confusa con el uso de la terminología de 1971 (por ejemplo, hemangioendotelioma tipo I: hemangioma infantil; hemangioendotelioma tipo II: angiosarcoma de grado bajo; hemangioendotelioma de tipo III: angiosarcoma de grado alto).[306]
Tratamiento del angiosarcoma del tejido blando
Las opciones de tratamiento del angiosarcoma de tejido blando son las siguientes:
  1. Cirugía (enfermedad localizada).
  2. Radioterapia (enfermedad cutánea localizada en adultos).
  3. Cirugía, quimioterapia y radioterapia (enfermedad metastásica).
La enfermedad localizada se cura mediante cirugía radical. La resección quirúrgica completa parece ser fundamental para los angiosarcomas y los linfangiosarcomas pese a las pruebas de que el tumor se encoge en algunos pacientes tratados con terapia local o sistémica.[307,310-312] En una revisión de 222 pacientes (mediana de edad de 62 años; intervalo de edad de 15–90 años), se observó una tasa de supervivencia general específica para la enfermedad (SEE) de 38 % a los 5 años. La SEE a 5 años fue de 44 % en 138 pacientes con tumores localizados resecados, pero solo de 16 % en 43 pacientes con metástasis en el momento del diagnóstico.[312] Hay poca información sobre el uso del trasplante de hígado para el angiosarcoma localizado.[313][Grado de comprobación: 3iiA]
Es posible tratar con radioterapia la enfermedad localizada, en especial el angiosarcoma cutáneo. La mayoría de los casos notificados son de adultos.[314]
El tratamiento multimodal con cirugía, quimioterapia sistémica y radioterapia se utiliza para la enfermedad metastásica, a pesar de que rara vez es curativo.[315] El objetivo del tratamiento del angiosarcoma metastásico es el control de la enfermedad, con tasas de supervivencia sin progresión publicadas de 3 a 7 meses [316] y una mediana de supervivencia general (SG) de 14 a 18 meses.[317] Tanto en adultos como en niños, se notifican tasas de SG a 5 años de 20 a 35 %.[307,308,318]
En un niño con diagnóstico de angiosarcoma secundario a una transformación maligna de un hemangioma infantil, se notificó una respuesta al tratamiento con bevacizumab, un anticuerpo monoclonal contra el factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular, combinado con quimioterapia sistémica.[305,315] En un informe de ocho casos de angiosarcoma de hígado en niños se resaltó el uso indebido del término hemangioendotelioma así como la importancia del diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos de estos tumores.[319]
Los inhibidores biológicos de la angiogénesis han mostrado actividad en adultos con angiosarcoma.[306,318]
Los pacientes o las familias que deseen una terapia adicional dirigida a la enfermedad deberían considerar la participación en ensayos sobre abordajes terapéuticos novedosos ya que con ninguno de los fármacos tradicionales se ha demostrado una actividad clínicamente significativa.
Independientemente de si se decide continuar con una terapia dirigida a la enfermedad en el momento de la progresión, el objetivo principal del tratamiento sigue siendo el cuidado paliativo. Esto garantiza que se aumenta al máximo la calidad de vida mientras se intenta reducir la tensión relacionada con la enfermedad terminal.
Opciones de tratamiento en evaluación clínica para el angiosarcoma de tejido blando
La información en inglés sobre los ensayos clínicos patrocinados por el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (NCI) se encuentra en el portal de Internet del NCI. Para obtener información en inglés sobre ensayos clínicos patrocinados por otras organizaciones, consultar el portal de Internet ClinicalTrials.gov.
A continuación se presenta un ejemplo de ensayo clínico nacional o institucional en curso:
  1. NCT01532687 (Gemcitabine Hydrochloride With or Without Pazopanib Hydrochloride in Treating Patients With Refractory Soft Tissue Sarcoma): En este ensayo aleatorizado de fase II se estudia qué tan eficaz es el clorhidrato de gemcitabina con el clorhidrato de pazopanib, o sin este, para tratar a los pacientes con sarcoma de tejido blanco resistente al tratamiento.
Ensayos clínicos en curso
Realizar una búsqueda avanzada en inglés de los ensayos clínicos sobre cáncer auspiciados por el NCI que ahora aceptan pacientes. La búsqueda se puede simplificar por ubicación del ensayo, tipo de tratamiento, nombre del fármaco y otros criterios. También se dispone de información general sobre los ensayos clínicos.

Ensayos clínicos en curso

Realizar una búsqueda avanzada en inglés de los ensayos clínicos sobre cáncer auspiciados por el NCI que ahora aceptan pacientes. La búsqueda se puede simplificar por ubicación del ensayo, tipo de tratamiento, nombre del fármaco y otros criterios. También se dispone de información general sobre los ensayos clínicos.
Bibliografía
  1. Ferrari A, Casanova M, Collini P, et al.: Adult-type soft tissue sarcomas in pediatric-age patients: experience at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori in Milan. J Clin Oncol 23 (18): 4021-30, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract]
  2. Stanelle EJ, Christison-Lagay ER, Sidebotham EL, et al.: Prognostic factors and survival in pediatric and adolescent liposarcoma. Sarcoma 2012: 870910, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  3. Alaggio R, Coffin CM, Weiss SW, et al.: Liposarcomas in young patients: a study of 82 cases occurring in patients younger than 22 years of age. Am J Surg Pathol 33 (5): 645-58, 2009. [PUBMED Abstract]
  4. Fletcher CDM, Bridge JA, Hogendoorn P, et al., eds.: WHO Classification of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press, 2013.
  5. Sreekantaiah C, Karakousis CP, Leong SP, et al.: Cytogenetic findings in liposarcoma correlate with histopathologic subtypes. Cancer 69 (10): 2484-95, 1992. [PUBMED Abstract]
  6. Sugiura H, Takahashi M, Katagiri H, et al.: Additional wide resection of malignant soft tissue tumors. Clin Orthop (394): 201-10, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract]
  7. Cecchetto G, Guglielmi M, Inserra A, et al.: Primary re-excision: the Italian experience in patients with localized soft-tissue sarcomas. Pediatr Surg Int 17 (7): 532-4, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract]
  8. Chui CH, Spunt SL, Liu T, et al.: Is reexcision in pediatric nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma necessary after an initial unplanned resection? J Pediatr Surg 37 (10): 1424-9, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract]
  9. Bahig H, Roberge D, Bosch W, et al.: Agreement among RTOG sarcoma radiation oncologists in contouring suspicious peritumoral edema for preoperative radiation therapy of soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 86 (2): 298-303, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  10. Baldini EH, Wang D, Haas RL, et al.: Treatment Guidelines for Preoperative Radiation Therapy for Retroperitoneal Sarcoma: Preliminary Consensus of an International Expert Panel. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 92 (3): 602-12, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  11. La Quaglia MP, Spiro SA, Ghavimi F, et al.: Liposarcoma in patients younger than or equal to 22 years of age. Cancer 72 (10): 3114-9, 1993. [PUBMED Abstract]
  12. Lee ATJ, Thway K, Huang PH, et al.: Clinical and Molecular Spectrum of Liposarcoma. J Clin Oncol 36 (2): 151-159, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  13. Beane JD, Yang JC, White D, et al.: Efficacy of adjuvant radiation therapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity: 20-year follow-up of a randomized prospective trial. Ann Surg Oncol 21 (8): 2484-9, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  14. Ferrari A, Casanova M, Spreafico F, et al.: Childhood liposarcoma: a single-institutional twenty-year experience. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 16 (5): 415-21, 1999 Sep-Oct. [PUBMED Abstract]
  15. Cecchetto G, Alaggio R, Dall'Igna P, et al.: Localized unresectable non-rhabdo soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities in pediatric age: results from the Italian studies. Cancer 104 (9): 2006-12, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract]
  16. Huh WW, Yuen C, Munsell M, et al.: Liposarcoma in children and young adults: a multi-institutional experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 57 (7): 1142-6, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  17. Gronchi A, Bui BN, Bonvalot S, et al.: Phase II clinical trial of neoadjuvant trabectedin in patients with advanced localized myxoid liposarcoma. Ann Oncol 23 (3): 771-6, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  18. Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Jones RL, et al.: Efficacy and Safety of Trabectedin or Dacarbazine for Metastatic Liposarcoma or Leiomyosarcoma After Failure of Conventional Chemotherapy: Results of a Phase III Randomized Multicenter Clinical Trial. J Clin Oncol 34 (8): 786-93, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  19. Baruchel S, Pappo A, Krailo M, et al.: A phase 2 trial of trabectedin in children with recurrent rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Eur J Cancer 48 (4): 579-85, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  20. Demetri GD, Schöffski P, Grignani G, et al.: Activity of Eribulin in Patients With Advanced Liposarcoma Demonstrated in a Subgroup Analysis From a Randomized Phase III Study of Eribulin Versus Dacarbazine. J Clin Oncol 35 (30): 3433-3439, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  21. Schafer ES, Rau RE, Berg S, et al.: A phase 1 study of eribulin mesylate (E7389), a novel microtubule-targeting chemotherapeutic agent, in children with refractory or recurrent solid tumors: A Children's Oncology Group Phase 1 Consortium study (ADVL1314). Pediatr Blood Cancer 65 (8): e27066, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  22. Wang L, Motoi T, Khanin R, et al.: Identification of a novel, recurrent HEY1-NCOA2 fusion in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma based on a genome-wide screen of exon-level expression data. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 51 (2): 127-39, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  23. Nyquist KB, Panagopoulos I, Thorsen J, et al.: Whole-transcriptome sequencing identifies novel IRF2BP2-CDX1 fusion gene brought about by translocation t(1;5)(q42;q32) in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. PLoS One 7 (11): e49705, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  24. Frezza AM, Cesari M, Baumhoer D, et al.: Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma: prognostic factors and outcome in 113 patients. A European Musculoskeletal Oncology Society study. Eur J Cancer 51 (3): 374-81, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  25. Schneiderman BA, Kliethermes SA, Nystrom LM: Survival in Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma Varies Based on Age and Tumor Location: A Survival Analysis of the SEER Database. Clin Orthop Relat Res 475 (3): 799-805, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  26. Kawaguchi S, Weiss I, Lin PP, et al.: Radiation therapy is associated with fewer recurrences in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 472 (3): 856-64, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  27. Dantonello TM, Int-Veen C, Leuschner I, et al.: Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of soft tissues and bone in children, adolescents, and young adults: experiences of the CWS and COSS study groups. Cancer 112 (11): 2424-31, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract]
  28. Bishop MW, Somerville JM, Bahrami A, et al.: Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma in Children and Young Adults: A Single Institution Retrospective Review. Sarcoma 2015: 608279, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  29. Morioka H, Takahashi S, Araki N, et al.: Results of sub-analysis of a phase 2 study on trabectedin treatment for extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. BMC Cancer 16: 479, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  30. Thampi S, Matthay KK, Boscardin WJ, et al.: Clinical Features and Outcomes Differ between Skeletal and Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma. Sarcoma 2014: 902620, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  31. Jour G, Wang L, Middha S, et al.: The molecular landscape of extraskeletal osteosarcoma: A clinicopathological and molecular biomarker study. J Pathol Clin Res 2 (1): 9-20, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  32. Sordillo PP, Hajdu SI, Magill GB, et al.: Extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma. A review of 48 patients. Cancer 51 (4): 727-34, 1983. [PUBMED Abstract]
  33. Paludo J, Fritchie K, Haddox CL, et al.: Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma: Outcomes and the Role of Chemotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol 41 (9): 832-837, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  34. Longhi A, Bielack SS, Grimer R, et al.: Extraskeletal osteosarcoma: A European Musculoskeletal Oncology Society study on 266 patients. Eur J Cancer 74: 9-16, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  35. Nieuwenhuis MH, Casparie M, Mathus-Vliegen LM, et al.: A nation-wide study comparing sporadic and familial adenomatous polyposis-related desmoid-type fibromatoses. Int J Cancer 129 (1): 256-61, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  36. Rossato M, Rigotti M, Grazia M, et al.: Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Acta Ophthalmol Scand 74 (4): 338-42, 1996. [PUBMED Abstract]
  37. Baker RH, Heinemann MH, Miller HH, et al.: Hyperpigmented lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium in familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Med Genet 31 (2): 427-35, 1988. [PUBMED Abstract]
  38. Kattentidt Mouravieva AA, Geurts-Giele IR, de Krijger RR, et al.: Identification of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis carriers among children with desmoid tumours. Eur J Cancer 48 (12): 1867-74, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  39. Wang WL, Nero C, Pappo A, et al.: CTNNB1 genotyping and APC screening in pediatric desmoid tumors: a proposed algorithm. Pediatr Dev Pathol 15 (5): 361-7, 2012 Sep-Oct. [PUBMED Abstract]
  40. Lewis JJ, Boland PJ, Leung DH, et al.: The enigma of desmoid tumors. Ann Surg 229 (6): 866-72; discussion 872-3, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  41. Lazar AJ, Tuvin D, Hajibashi S, et al.: Specific mutations in the beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) correlate with local recurrence in sporadic desmoid tumors. Am J Pathol 173 (5): 1518-27, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract]
  42. Faulkner LB, Hajdu SI, Kher U, et al.: Pediatric desmoid tumor: retrospective analysis of 63 cases. J Clin Oncol 13 (11): 2813-8, 1995. [PUBMED Abstract]
  43. Gounder MM, Mahoney MR, Van Tine BA, et al.: Sorafenib for Advanced and Refractory Desmoid Tumors. N Engl J Med 379 (25): 2417-2428, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  44. Merchant NB, Lewis JJ, Woodruff JM, et al.: Extremity and trunk desmoid tumors: a multifactorial analysis of outcome. Cancer 86 (10): 2045-52, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  45. Honeyman JN, Theilen TM, Knowles MA, et al.: Desmoid fibromatosis in children and adolescents: a conservative approach to management. J Pediatr Surg 48 (1): 62-6, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  46. Bonvalot S, Ternès N, Fiore M, et al.: Spontaneous regression of primary abdominal wall desmoid tumors: more common than previously thought. Ann Surg Oncol 20 (13): 4096-102, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  47. Bonvalot S, Eldweny H, Haddad V, et al.: Extra-abdominal primary fibromatosis: Aggressive management could be avoided in a subgroup of patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 34 (4): 462-8, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract]
  48. Merchant TE, Nguyen D, Walter AW, et al.: Long-term results with radiation therapy for pediatric desmoid tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47 (5): 1267-71, 2000. [PUBMED Abstract]
  49. Zelefsky MJ, Harrison LB, Shiu MH, et al.: Combined surgical resection and iridium 192 implantation for locally advanced and recurrent desmoid tumors. Cancer 67 (2): 380-4, 1991. [PUBMED Abstract]
  50. Weiss AJ, Lackman RD: Low-dose chemotherapy of desmoid tumors. Cancer 64 (6): 1192-4, 1989. [PUBMED Abstract]
  51. Klein WA, Miller HH, Anderson M, et al.: The use of indomethacin, sulindac, and tamoxifen for the treatment of desmoid tumors associated with familial polyposis. Cancer 60 (12): 2863-8, 1987. [PUBMED Abstract]
  52. Soto-Miranda MA, Sandoval JA, Rao B, et al.: Surgical treatment of pediatric desmoid tumors. A 12-year, single-center experience. Ann Surg Oncol 20 (11): 3384-90, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  53. Ferrari A, Orbach D, Affinita MC, et al.: Evidence of hydroxyurea activity in children with pretreated desmoid-type fibromatosis: A new option in the armamentarium of systemic therapies. Pediatr Blood Cancer : e27472, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  54. O'Dea FJ, Wunder J, Bell RS, et al.: Preoperative radiotherapy is effective in the treatment of fibromatosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res (415): 19-24, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract]
  55. Skapek SX, Ferguson WS, Granowetter L, et al.: Vinblastine and methotrexate for desmoid fibromatosis in children: results of a Pediatric Oncology Group Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol 25 (5): 501-6, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  56. Gandhi MM, Nathan PC, Weitzman S, et al.: Successful treatment of life-threatening generalized infantile myofibromatosis using low-dose chemotherapy. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25 (9): 750-4, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract]
  57. Gega M, Yanagi H, Yoshikawa R, et al.: Successful chemotherapeutic modality of doxorubicin plus dacarbazine for the treatment of desmoid tumors in association with familial adenomatous polyposis. J Clin Oncol 24 (1): 102-5, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract]
  58. Constantinidou A, Jones RL, Scurr M, et al.: Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, an effective, well-tolerated treatment for refractory aggressive fibromatosis. Eur J Cancer 45 (17): 2930-4, 2009. [PUBMED Abstract]
  59. Ananth P, Werger A, Voss S, et al.: Liposomal doxorubicin: Effective treatment for pediatric desmoid fibromatosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 64 (7): , 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  60. Bisogno G, Tagarelli A, Stramare R, et al.: Hydroxyurea treatment can avoid the need for aggressive surgery in pediatric fibromatosis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 35 (4): e171-3, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  61. Meazza C, Casanova M, Trecate G, et al.: Objective response to hydroxyurea in a patient with heavily pre-treated aggressive fibromatosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 55 (3): 587-8, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  62. Balamuth NJ, Womer RB: Successful treatment of fibromatosis with hydroxyurea: Analysis of 20 pediatric cases. [Abstract] The Connective Tissue Oncology Society (CTOS) 14th Annual Meeting, 13–15 November 2008, London, United Kingdom A-34852, 2008. Also available online. Last accessed April 18, 2019.
  63. Gounder MM, Mahoney MR, Van Tine BA, et al.: Phase III, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of sorafenib in desmoid tumors (Alliance A091105). [Abstract] J Clin Oncol 36 (Suppl 18): A-11500, 2018. Also available online. Last accessed April 18, 2019.
  64. Agresta L, Kim H, Turpin BK, et al.: Pazopanib therapy for desmoid tumors in adolescent and young adult patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 65 (6): e26968, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  65. Shang H, Braggio D, Lee YJ, et al.: Targeting the Notch pathway: A potential therapeutic approach for desmoid tumors. Cancer 121 (22): 4088-96, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  66. Messersmith WA, Shapiro GI, Cleary JM, et al.: A Phase I, dose-finding study in patients with advanced solid malignancies of the oral γ-secretase inhibitor PF-03084014. Clin Cancer Res 21 (1): 60-7, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  67. Meazza C, Bisogno G, Gronchi A, et al.: Aggressive fibromatosis in children and adolescents: the Italian experience. Cancer 116 (1): 233-40, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  68. Hansmann A, Adolph C, Vogel T, et al.: High-dose tamoxifen and sulindac as first-line treatment for desmoid tumors. Cancer 100 (3): 612-20, 2004. [PUBMED Abstract]
  69. Skapek SX, Anderson JR, Hill DA, et al.: Safety and efficacy of high-dose tamoxifen and sulindac for desmoid tumor in children: results of a Children's Oncology Group (COG) phase II study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 60 (7): 1108-12, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  70. Rutenberg MS, Indelicato DJ, Knapik JA, et al.: External-beam radiotherapy for pediatric and young adult desmoid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 57 (3): 435-42, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  71. Buckley PG, Mantripragada KK, Benetkiewicz M, et al.: A full-coverage, high-resolution human chromosome 22 genomic microarray for clinical and research applications. Hum Mol Genet 11 (25): 3221-9, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract]
  72. Valdivielso-Ramos M, Torrelo A, Campos M, et al.: Pediatric dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in Madrid, Spain: multi-institutional outcomes. Pediatr Dermatol 31 (6): 676-82, 2014 Nov-Dec. [PUBMED Abstract]
  73. Gooskens SL, Oranje AP, van Adrichem LN, et al.: Imatinib mesylate for children with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP). Pediatr Blood Cancer 55 (2): 369-73, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  74. Rubio GA, Alvarado A, Gerth DJ, et al.: Incidence and Outcomes of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans in the US Pediatric Population. J Craniofac Surg 28 (1): 182-184, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  75. Meguerditchian AN, Wang J, Lema B, et al.: Wide excision or Mohs micrographic surgery for the treatment of primary dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Am J Clin Oncol 33 (3): 300-3, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  76. Dagan R, Morris CG, Zlotecki RA, et al.: Radiotherapy in the treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Am J Clin Oncol 28 (6): 537-9, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract]
  77. Sun LM, Wang CJ, Huang CC, et al.: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: treatment results of 35 cases. Radiother Oncol 57 (2): 175-81, 2000. [PUBMED Abstract]
  78. Price VE, Fletcher JA, Zielenska M, et al.: Imatinib mesylate: an attractive alternative in young children with large, surgically challenging dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Pediatr Blood Cancer 44 (5): 511-5, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract]
  79. McArthur GA, Demetri GD, van Oosterom A, et al.: Molecular and clinical analysis of locally advanced dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treated with imatinib: Imatinib Target Exploration Consortium Study B2225. J Clin Oncol 23 (4): 866-73, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract]
  80. Rutkowski P, Van Glabbeke M, Rankin CJ, et al.: Imatinib mesylate in advanced dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: pooled analysis of two phase II clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 28 (10): 1772-9, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  81. Miller SJ, Alam M, Andersen JS, et al.: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 10 (3): 312-8, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  82. Kovach SJ, Fischer AC, Katzman PJ, et al.: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. J Surg Oncol 94 (5): 385-91, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract]
  83. Brodlie M, Barwick SC, Wood KM, et al.: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours of the respiratory tract: paediatric case series with varying clinical presentations. J Laryngol Otol 125 (8): 865-8, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  84. Xiao Y, Zhou S, Ma C, et al.: Radiological and histopathological features of hepatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour: analysis of 10 cases. Clin Radiol 68 (11): 1114-20, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  85. Karnak I, Senocak ME, Ciftci AO, et al.: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in children: diagnosis and treatment. J Pediatr Surg 36 (6): 908-12, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract]
  86. Collin M, Charles A, Barker A, et al.: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of the bladder in children: a review. J Pediatr Urol 11 (5): 239-45, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  87. Coffin CM, Hornick JL, Fletcher CD: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: comparison of clinicopathologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features including ALK expression in atypical and aggressive cases. Am J Surg Pathol 31 (4): 509-20, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  88. Lovly CM, Gupta A, Lipson D, et al.: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors harbor multiple potentially actionable kinase fusions. Cancer Discov 4 (8): 889-95, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  89. Devaney KO, Lafeir DJ, Triantafyllou A, et al.: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the head and neck: evaluation of clinicopathologic and prognostic features. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 269 (12): 2461-5, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  90. Mehta B, Mascarenhas L, Zhou S, et al.: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors in childhood. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 30 (7): 640-5, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  91. Favini F, Resti AG, Collini P, et al.: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the conjunctiva: response to chemotherapy with low-dose methotrexate and vinorelbine. Pediatr Blood Cancer 54 (3): 483-5, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  92. Doski JJ, Priebe CJ Jr, Driessnack M, et al.: Corticosteroids in the management of unresected plasma cell granuloma (inflammatory pseudotumor) of the lung. J Pediatr Surg 26 (9): 1064-6, 1991. [PUBMED Abstract]
  93. Diop B, Konate I, Ka S, et al.: Mesenteric myofibroblastic tumor: NSAID therapy after incomplete resection. J Visc Surg 148 (4): e311-4, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  94. Dalton BG, Thomas PG, Sharp NE, et al.: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors in children. J Pediatr Surg 51 (4): 541-4, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  95. Butrynski JE, D'Adamo DR, Hornick JL, et al.: Crizotinib in ALK-rearranged inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. N Engl J Med 363 (18): 1727-33, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  96. Mossé YP, Lim MS, Voss SD, et al.: Safety and activity of crizotinib for paediatric patients with refractory solid tumours or anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a Children's Oncology Group phase 1 consortium study. Lancet Oncol 14 (6): 472-80, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  97. Gaudichon J, Jeanne-Pasquier C, Deparis M, et al.: Complete and Repeated Response of a Metastatic ALK-rearranged Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor to Crizotinib in a Teenage Girl. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 38 (4): 308-11, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  98. Mossé YP, Voss SD, Lim MS, et al.: Targeting ALK With Crizotinib in Pediatric Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma and Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor: A Children's Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 35 (28): 3215-3221, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  99. Nishio M, Murakami H, Horiike A, et al.: Phase I Study of Ceritinib (LDK378) in Japanese Patients with Advanced, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Rearranged Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer or Other Tumors. J Thorac Oncol 10 (7): 1058-66, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  100. Sulkowski JP, Raval MV, Browne M: Margin status and multimodal therapy in infantile fibrosarcoma. Pediatr Surg Int 29 (8): 771-6, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  101. Hirschfeld R, Welch JJG, Harrison DJ, et al.: Two cases of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy complicating infantile fibrosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 64 (10): , 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  102. Kao YC, Fletcher CDM, Alaggio R, et al.: Recurrent BRAF Gene Fusions in a Subset of Pediatric Spindle Cell Sarcomas: Expanding the Genetic Spectrum of Tumors With Overlapping Features With Infantile Fibrosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 42 (1): 28-38, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  103. Wegert J, Vokuhl C, Collord G, et al.: Recurrent intragenic rearrangements of EGFR and BRAF in soft tissue tumors of infants. Nat Commun 9 (1): 2378, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  104. Orbach D, Rey A, Cecchetto G, et al.: Infantile fibrosarcoma: management based on the European experience. J Clin Oncol 28 (2): 318-23, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  105. Orbach D, Brennan B, De Paoli A, et al.: Conservative strategy in infantile fibrosarcoma is possible: The European paediatric Soft tissue sarcoma Study Group experience. Eur J Cancer 57: 1-9, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  106. Spunt SL, Million L, Coffin C: The nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, eds.: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2015, pp 827-54.
  107. Loh ML, Ahn P, Perez-Atayde AR, et al.: Treatment of infantile fibrosarcoma with chemotherapy and surgery: results from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital, Boston. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 24 (9): 722-6, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract]
  108. Akyüz C, Küpeli S, Varan A, et al.: Infantile fibrosarcoma: retrospective analysis of eleven patients. Tumori 97 (2): 166-9, 2011 Mar-Apr. [PUBMED Abstract]
  109. Gallego S, Pericas N, Barber I, et al.: Infantile fibrosarcoma of the retroperitoneum: a site of unfavorable prognosis? Pediatr Hematol Oncol 28 (5): 451-3, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  110. Parida L, Fernandez-Pineda I, Uffman JK, et al.: Clinical management of infantile fibrosarcoma: a retrospective single-institution review. Pediatr Surg Int 29 (7): 703-8, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  111. Mody RJ, Wu YM, Lonigro RJ, et al.: Integrative Clinical Sequencing in the Management of Refractory or Relapsed Cancer in Youth. JAMA 314 (9): 913-25, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  112. Wong V, Pavlick D, Brennan T, et al.: Evaluation of a Congenital Infantile Fibrosarcoma by Comprehensive Genomic Profiling Reveals an LMNA-NTRK1 Gene Fusion Responsive to Crizotinib. J Natl Cancer Inst 108 (1): , 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  113. Kummar S, Lassen UN: TRK Inhibition: A New Tumor-Agnostic Treatment Strategy. Target Oncol 13 (5): 545-556, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  114. Drilon A, Nagasubramanian R, Blake JF, et al.: A Next-Generation TRK Kinase Inhibitor Overcomes Acquired Resistance to Prior TRK Kinase Inhibition in Patients with TRK Fusion-Positive Solid Tumors. Cancer Discov 7 (9): 963-972, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  115. Yanagisawa R, Noguchi M, Fujita K, et al.: Preoperative Treatment With Pazopanib in a Case of Chemotherapy-Resistant Infantile Fibrosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 63 (2): 348-51, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  116. Madden NP, Spicer RD, Allibone EB, et al.: Spontaneous regression of neonatal fibrosarcoma. Br J Cancer Suppl 18: S72-5, 1992. [PUBMED Abstract]
  117. Evans HL: Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 33 cases with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 35 (10): 1450-62, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  118. Guillou L, Benhattar J, Gengler C, et al.: Translocation-positive low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of a series expanding the morphologic spectrum and suggesting potential relationship to sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma: a study from the French Sarcoma Group. Am J Surg Pathol 31 (9): 1387-402, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  119. O'Sullivan MJ, Sirgi KE, Dehner LP: Low-grade fibrosarcoma (hyalinizing spindle cell tumor with giant rosettes) with pulmonary metastases at presentation: case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Pathol 10 (3): 211-6, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract]
  120. Folpe AL, Lane KL, Paull G, et al.: Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma and hyalinizing spindle cell tumor with giant rosettes: a clinicopathologic study of 73 cases supporting their identity and assessing the impact of high-grade areas. Am J Surg Pathol 24 (10): 1353-60, 2000. [PUBMED Abstract]
  121. Sargar K, Kao SC, Spunt SL, et al.: MRI and CT of Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma in Children: A Report From Children's Oncology Group Study ARST0332. AJR Am J Roentgenol 205 (2): 414-20, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  122. Maretty-Nielsen K, Baerentzen S, Keller J, et al.: Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma: Incidence, Treatment Strategy of Metastases, and Clinical Significance of the FUS Gene. Sarcoma 2013: 256280, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  123. Prieto-Granada C, Zhang L, Chen HW, et al.: A genetic dichotomy between pure sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) and hybrid SEF/low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: a pathologic and molecular study of 18 cases. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 54 (1): 28-38, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  124. Chew W, Benson C, Thway K, et al.: Clinical Characteristics and efficacy of chemotherapy in sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma. Med Oncol 35 (11): 138, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  125. Arbajian E, Puls F, Antonescu CR, et al.: In-depth Genetic Analysis of Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma Reveals Recurrent Genomic Alterations and Potential Treatment Targets. Clin Cancer Res 23 (23): 7426-7434, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  126. Pollock BH, Jenson HB, Leach CT, et al.: Risk factors for pediatric human immunodeficiency virus-related malignancy. JAMA 289 (18): 2393-9, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract]
  127. Kleinerman RA, Tucker MA, Abramson DH, et al.: Risk of soft tissue sarcomas by individual subtype in survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 99 (1): 24-31, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  128. Samuels BL, Chawla S, Patel S, et al.: Clinical outcomes and safety with trabectedin therapy in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas following failure of prior chemotherapy: results of a worldwide expanded access program study. Ann Oncol 24 (6): 1703-9, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  129. Enzinger FM, Zhang RY: Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor presenting in children and young adults. An analysis of 65 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 12 (11): 818-26, 1988. [PUBMED Abstract]
  130. Black J, Coffin CM, Dehner LP: Fibrohistiocytic tumors and related neoplasms in children and adolescents. Pediatr Dev Pathol 15 (1 Suppl): 181-210, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  131. Moosavi C, Jha P, Fanburg-Smith JC: An update on plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor and addition of 66 new cases from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, in honor of Franz M. Enzinger, MD. Ann Diagn Pathol 11 (5): 313-9, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  132. Billings SD, Folpe AL: Cutaneous and subcutaneous fibrohistiocytic tumors of intermediate malignancy: an update. Am J Dermatopathol 26 (2): 141-55, 2004. [PUBMED Abstract]
  133. Remstein ED, Arndt CA, Nascimento AG: Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor: clinicopathologic analysis of 22 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 23 (6): 662-70, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  134. Salomao DR, Nascimento AG: Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor with systemic metastases: a case report. Am J Surg Pathol 21 (4): 469-76, 1997. [PUBMED Abstract]
  135. Redlich GC, Montgomery KD, Allgood GA, et al.: Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor with a clonal cytogenetic anomaly. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 108 (2): 141-3, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  136. Luzar B, Calonje E: Cutaneous fibrohistiocytic tumours - an update. Histopathology 56 (1): 148-65, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  137. Carli M, Ferrari A, Mattke A, et al.: Pediatric malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: the Italian and German soft tissue sarcoma cooperative group. J Clin Oncol 23 (33): 8422-30, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract]
  138. Malbari F, Spira M, B Knight P, et al.: Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors in Neurofibromatosis: Impact of Family History. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 40 (6): e359-e363, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  139. Zhang M, Wang Y, Jones S, et al.: Somatic mutations of SUZ12 in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Nat Genet 46 (11): 1170-2, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  140. Röhrich M, Koelsche C, Schrimpf D, et al.: Methylation-based classification of benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Acta Neuropathol 131 (6): 877-87, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  141. Kaplan HG, Rostad S, Ross JS, et al.: Genomic Profiling in Patients With Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Reveals Multiple Pathways With Targetable Mutations. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 16 (8): 967-974, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  142. Hagel C, Zils U, Peiper M, et al.: Histopathology and clinical outcome of NF1-associated vs. sporadic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. J Neurooncol 82 (2): 187-92, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  143. Zou C, Smith KD, Liu J, et al.: Clinical, pathological, and molecular variables predictive of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor outcome. Ann Surg 249 (6): 1014-22, 2009. [PUBMED Abstract]
  144. Okada K, Hasegawa T, Tajino T, et al.: Clinical relevance of pathological grades of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: a multi-institution TMTS study of 56 cases in Northern Japan. Ann Surg Oncol 14 (2): 597-604, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  145. Amirian ES, Goodman JC, New P, et al.: Pediatric and adult malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: an analysis of data from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. J Neurooncol 116 (3): 609-16, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  146. Valentin T, Le Cesne A, Ray-Coquard I, et al.: Management and prognosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: The experience of the French Sarcoma Group (GSF-GETO). Eur J Cancer 56: 77-84, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  147. Høland M, Kolberg M, Danielsen SA, et al.: Inferior survival for patients with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors defined by aberrant TP53. Mod Pathol : , 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  148. Bergamaschi L, Bisogno G, Manzitti C, et al.: Salvage rates and prognostic factors after relapse in children and adolescents with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 65 (2): , 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  149. Ferrari A, Bisogno G, Macaluso A, et al.: Soft-tissue sarcomas in children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis type 1. Cancer 109 (7): 1406-12, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  150. Okur FV, Oguz A, Karadeniz C, et al.: Malignant triton tumor of the pelvis in a 2-year-old boy. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 28 (3): 173-6, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract]
  151. Griffin BB, Chou PM, George D, et al.: Malignant Ectomesenchymoma: Series Analysis of a Histologically and Genetically Heterogeneous Tumor. Int J Surg Pathol 26 (3): 200-212, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  152. Huang SC, Alaggio R, Sung YS, et al.: Frequent HRAS Mutations in Malignant Ectomesenchymoma: Overlapping Genetic Abnormalities With Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 40 (7): 876-85, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  153. Dantonello TM, Leuschner I, Vokuhl C, et al.: Malignant ectomesenchymoma in children and adolescents: report from the Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Studiengruppe (CWS). Pediatr Blood Cancer 60 (2): 224-9, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  154. Rodriguez-Galindo C, Ramsey K, Jenkins JJ, et al.: Hemangiopericytoma in children and infants. Cancer 88 (1): 198-204, 2000. [PUBMED Abstract]
  155. Ferrari A, Casanova M, Bisogno G, et al.: Hemangiopericytoma in pediatric ages: a report from the Italian and German Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cooperative Group. Cancer 92 (10): 2692-8, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract]
  156. Bien E, Stachowicz-Stencel T, Godzinski J, et al.: Retrospective multi-institutional study on hemangiopericytoma in Polish children. Pediatr Int 51 (1): 19-24, 2009. [PUBMED Abstract]
  157. Weiss SW, Goldblum JR: Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby, 2008.
  158. Fernandez-Pineda I, Parida L, Jenkins JJ, et al.: Childhood hemangiopericytoma: review of St Jude Children's Research Hospital. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 33 (5): 356-9, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  159. Haller F, Knopf J, Ackermann A, et al.: Paediatric and adult soft tissue sarcomas with NTRK1 gene fusions: a subset of spindle cell sarcomas unified by a prominent myopericytic/haemangiopericytic pattern. J Pathol 238 (5): 700-10, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  160. Doebele RC, Davis LE, Vaishnavi A, et al.: An Oncogenic NTRK Fusion in a Patient with Soft-Tissue Sarcoma with Response to the Tropomyosin-Related Kinase Inhibitor LOXO-101. Cancer Discov 5 (10): 1049-57, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  161. Wiswell TE, Davis J, Cunningham BE, et al.: Infantile myofibromatosis: the most common fibrous tumor of infancy. J Pediatr Surg 23 (4): 315-8, 1988. [PUBMED Abstract]
  162. Chung EB, Enzinger FM: Infantile myofibromatosis. Cancer 48 (8): 1807-18, 1981. [PUBMED Abstract]
  163. Modi N: Congenital generalised fibromatosis. Arch Dis Child 57 (11): 881-2, 1982. [PUBMED Abstract]
  164. Levine E, Fréneaux P, Schleiermacher G, et al.: Risk-adapted therapy for infantile myofibromatosis in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 59 (1): 115-20, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  165. Larralde M, Hoffner MV, Boggio P, et al.: Infantile myofibromatosis: report of nine patients. Pediatr Dermatol 27 (1): 29-33, 2010 Jan-Feb. [PUBMED Abstract]
  166. Cheung YH, Gayden T, Campeau PM, et al.: A recurrent PDGFRB mutation causes familial infantile myofibromatosis. Am J Hum Genet 92 (6): 996-1000, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  167. Agaimy A, Bieg M, Michal M, et al.: Recurrent Somatic PDGFRB Mutations in Sporadic Infantile/Solitary Adult Myofibromas But Not in Angioleiomyomas and Myopericytomas. Am J Surg Pathol 41 (2): 195-203, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  168. Gopal M, Chahal G, Al-Rifai Z, et al.: Infantile myofibromatosis. Pediatr Surg Int 24 (3): 287-91, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract]
  169. Weaver MS, Navid F, Huppmann A, et al.: Vincristine and Dactinomycin in Infantile Myofibromatosis With a Review of Treatment Options. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 37 (3): 237-41, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  170. Sultan I, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Saab R, et al.: Comparing children and adults with synovial sarcoma in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, 1983 to 2005: an analysis of 1268 patients. Cancer 115 (15): 3537-47, 2009. [PUBMED Abstract]
  171. Wang JG, Li NN: Primary cardiac synovial sarcoma. Ann Thorac Surg 95 (6): 2202-9, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  172. Pappo AS, Fontanesi J, Luo X, et al.: Synovial sarcoma in children and adolescents: the St Jude Children's Research Hospital experience. J Clin Oncol 12 (11): 2360-6, 1994. [PUBMED Abstract]
  173. Ferrari A, De Salvo GL, Oberlin O, et al.: Synovial sarcoma in children and adolescents: a critical reappraisal of staging investigations in relation to the rate of metastatic involvement at diagnosis. Eur J Cancer 48 (9): 1370-5, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  174. van de Rijn M, Barr FG, Collins MH, et al.: Absence of SYT-SSX fusion products in soft tissue tumors other than synovial sarcoma. Am J Clin Pathol 112 (1): 43-9, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  175. Krsková L, Sumerauer D, Stejskalová E, et al.: A novel variant of SYT-SSX1 fusion gene in a case of spindle cell synovial sarcoma. Diagn Mol Pathol 16 (3): 179-83, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  176. Su L, Sampaio AV, Jones KB, et al.: Deconstruction of the SS18-SSX fusion oncoprotein complex: insights into disease etiology and therapeutics. Cancer Cell 21 (3): 333-47, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  177. Arnold MA, Arnold CA, Li G, et al.: A unique pattern of INI1 immunohistochemistry distinguishes synovial sarcoma from its histologic mimics. Hum Pathol 44 (5): 881-7, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  178. Vlenterie M, Ho VK, Kaal SE, et al.: Age as an independent prognostic factor for survival of localised synovial sarcoma patients. Br J Cancer 113 (11): 1602-6, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  179. Okcu MF, Munsell M, Treuner J, et al.: Synovial sarcoma of childhood and adolescence: a multicenter, multivariate analysis of outcome. J Clin Oncol 21 (8): 1602-11, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract]
  180. Brecht IB, Ferrari A, Int-Veen C, et al.: Grossly-resected synovial sarcoma treated by the German and Italian Pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cooperative Groups: discussion on the role of adjuvant therapies. Pediatr Blood Cancer 46 (1): 11-7, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract]
  181. Stanelle EJ, Christison-Lagay ER, Healey JH, et al.: Pediatric and adolescent synovial sarcoma: multivariate analysis of prognostic factors and survival outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol 20 (1): 73-9, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  182. Trassard M, Le Doussal V, Hacène K, et al.: Prognostic factors in localized primary synovial sarcoma: a multicenter study of 128 adult patients. J Clin Oncol 19 (2): 525-34, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract]
  183. Guillou L, Benhattar J, Bonichon F, et al.: Histologic grade, but not SYT-SSX fusion type, is an important prognostic factor in patients with synovial sarcoma: a multicenter, retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol 22 (20): 4040-50, 2004. [PUBMED Abstract]
  184. Ferrari A, Gronchi A, Casanova M, et al.: Synovial sarcoma: a retrospective analysis of 271 patients of all ages treated at a single institution. Cancer 101 (3): 627-34, 2004. [PUBMED Abstract]
  185. Lagarde P, Przybyl J, Brulard C, et al.: Chromosome instability accounts for reverse metastatic outcomes of pediatric and adult synovial sarcomas. J Clin Oncol 31 (5): 608-15, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  186. Stegmaier S, Leuschner I, Poremba C, et al.: The prognostic impact of SYT-SSX fusion type and histological grade in pediatric patients with synovial sarcoma treated according to the CWS (Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Studie) trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 64 (1): 89-95, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  187. Scheer M, Dantonello T, Hallmen E, et al.: Primary Metastatic Synovial Sarcoma: Experience of the CWS Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 63 (7): 1198-206, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  188. Ferrari A, Chi YY, De Salvo GL, et al.: Surgery alone is sufficient therapy for children and adolescents with low-risk synovial sarcoma: A joint analysis from the European paediatric soft tissue sarcoma Study Group and the Children's Oncology Group. Eur J Cancer 78: 1-6, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  189. McGrory JE, Pritchard DJ, Arndt CA, et al.: Nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas in children. The Mayo Clinic experience. Clin Orthop (374): 247-58, 2000. [PUBMED Abstract]
  190. Van Glabbeke M, van Oosterom AT, Oosterhuis JW, et al.: Prognostic factors for the outcome of chemotherapy in advanced soft tissue sarcoma: an analysis of 2,185 patients treated with anthracycline-containing first-line regimens--a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group Study. J Clin Oncol 17 (1): 150-7, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  191. Koscielniak E, Harms D, Henze G, et al.: Results of treatment for soft tissue sarcoma in childhood and adolescence: a final report of the German Cooperative Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study CWS-86. J Clin Oncol 17 (12): 3706-19, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  192. Pappo AS, Devidas M, Jenkins J, et al.: Phase II trial of neoadjuvant vincristine, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support in children and adolescents with advanced-stage nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 23 (18): 4031-8, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract]
  193. Pappo AS, Rao BN, Jenkins JJ, et al.: Metastatic nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft-tissue sarcomas in children and adolescents: the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital experience. Med Pediatr Oncol 33 (2): 76-82, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  194. Brennan B, Stevens M, Kelsey A, et al.: Synovial sarcoma in childhood and adolescence: a retrospective series of 77 patients registered by the Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group between 1991 and 2006. Pediatr Blood Cancer 55 (1): 85-90, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  195. Ferrari A, Miceli R, Rey A, et al.: Non-metastatic unresected paediatric non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas: results of a pooled analysis from United States and European groups. Eur J Cancer 47 (5): 724-31, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  196. Raney RB: Synovial sarcoma in young people: background, prognostic factors, and therapeutic questions. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 27 (4): 207-11, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract]
  197. Orbach D, Mc Dowell H, Rey A, et al.: Sparing strategy does not compromise prognosis in pediatric localized synovial sarcoma: experience of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology, Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors (SIOP-MMT) Working Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 57 (7): 1130-6, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  198. Ladenstein R, Treuner J, Koscielniak E, et al.: Synovial sarcoma of childhood and adolescence. Report of the German CWS-81 study. Cancer 71 (11): 3647-55, 1993. [PUBMED Abstract]
  199. Venkatramani R, Anderson JR, Million L, et al.: Risk-based treatment for synovial sarcoma in patients under 30 years of age: Children’s Oncology Group study ARST0332. [Abstract] J Clin Oncol 33 (15 Suppl): A-10012, 2015. Also available online. Last accessed April 18, 2019.
  200. Ferrari A, De Salvo GL, Brennan B, et al.: Synovial sarcoma in children and adolescents: the European Pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group prospective trial (EpSSG NRSTS 2005). Ann Oncol 26 (3): 567-72, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  201. Ferrari A, De Salvo GL, Dall'Igna P, et al.: Salvage rates and prognostic factors after relapse in children and adolescents with initially localised synovial sarcoma. Eur J Cancer 48 (18): 3448-55, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  202. Scheer M, Dantonello T, Hallmen E, et al.: Synovial Sarcoma Recurrence in Children and Young Adults. Ann Surg Oncol 23 (Suppl 5): 618-626, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  203. Chbani L, Guillou L, Terrier P, et al.: Epithelioid sarcoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 106 cases from the French sarcoma group. Am J Clin Pathol 131 (2): 222-7, 2009. [PUBMED Abstract]
  204. Hornick JL, Dal Cin P, Fletcher CD: Loss of INI1 expression is characteristic of both conventional and proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 33 (4): 542-50, 2009. [PUBMED Abstract]
  205. Knutson SK, Warholic NM, Wigle TJ, et al.: Durable tumor regression in genetically altered malignant rhabdoid tumors by inhibition of methyltransferase EZH2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110 (19): 7922-7, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  206. Guzzetta AA, Montgomery EA, Lyu H, et al.: Epithelioid sarcoma: one institution's experience with a rare sarcoma. J Surg Res 177 (1): 116-22, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  207. Hawkins DS, Spunt SL, Skapek SX, et al.: Children's Oncology Group's 2013 blueprint for research: Soft tissue sarcomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer 60 (6): 1001-8, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  208. Casanova M, Ferrari A, Collini P, et al.: Epithelioid sarcoma in children and adolescents: a report from the Italian Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee. Cancer 106 (3): 708-17, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract]
  209. Italiano A, Soria JC, Toulmonde M, et al.: Tazemetostat, an EZH2 inhibitor, in relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and advanced solid tumours: a first-in-human, open-label, phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol 19 (5): 649-659, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  210. Orbach D, Brennan B, Casanova M, et al.: Paediatric and adolescent alveolar soft part sarcoma: A joint series from European cooperative groups. Pediatr Blood Cancer 60 (11): 1826-32, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  211. Ferrari A, Sultan I, Huang TT, et al.: Soft tissue sarcoma across the age spectrum: a population-based study from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. Pediatr Blood Cancer 57 (6): 943-9, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  212. Wang HW, Qin XJ, Yang WJ, et al.: Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the oral and maxillofacial region: clinical analysis in a series of 18 patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 119 (4): 396-401, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  213. Kayton ML, Meyers P, Wexler LH, et al.: Clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of alveolar soft part sarcoma in children, adolescents, and young adults. J Pediatr Surg 41 (1): 187-93, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract]
  214. Sparber-Sauer M, Seitz G, von Kalle T, et al.: Alveolar soft-part sarcoma: Primary metastatic disease and metastatic relapse occurring during long-term follow-up: Treatment results of four Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Studiengruppe (CWS) trials and one registry. Pediatr Blood Cancer : e27405, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  215. Flores RJ, Harrison DJ, Federman NC, et al.: Alveolar soft part sarcoma in children and young adults: A report of 69 cases. Pediatr Blood Cancer 65 (5): e26953, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  216. Ladanyi M, Lui MY, Antonescu CR, et al.: The der(17)t(X;17)(p11;q25) of human alveolar soft part sarcoma fuses the TFE3 transcription factor gene to ASPL, a novel gene at 17q25. Oncogene 20 (1): 48-57, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract]
  217. Williams A, Bartle G, Sumathi VP, et al.: Detection of ASPL/TFE3 fusion transcripts and the TFE3 antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue in a series of 18 cases of alveolar soft part sarcoma: useful diagnostic tools in cases with unusual histological features. Virchows Arch 458 (3): 291-300, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  218. Lieberman PH, Brennan MF, Kimmel M, et al.: Alveolar soft-part sarcoma. A clinico-pathologic study of half a century. Cancer 63 (1): 1-13, 1989. [PUBMED Abstract]
  219. Casanova M, Ferrari A, Bisogno G, et al.: Alveolar soft part sarcoma in children and adolescents: A report from the Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Italian Cooperative Group. Ann Oncol 11 (11): 1445-9, 2000. [PUBMED Abstract]
  220. Pennacchioli E, Fiore M, Collini P, et al.: Alveolar soft part sarcoma: clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome in a series of 33 patients at a single institution. Ann Surg Oncol 17 (12): 3229-33, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  221. Roozendaal KJ, de Valk B, ten Velden JJ, et al.: Alveolar soft-part sarcoma responding to interferon alpha-2b. Br J Cancer 89 (2): 243-5, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract]
  222. Conde N, Cruz O, Albert A, et al.: Antiangiogenic treatment as a pre-operative management of alveolar soft-part sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 57 (6): 1071-3, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  223. Stacchiotti S, Negri T, Zaffaroni N, et al.: Sunitinib in advanced alveolar soft part sarcoma: evidence of a direct antitumor effect. Ann Oncol 22 (7): 1682-90, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  224. Jagodzińska-Mucha P, Świtaj T, Kozak K, et al.: Long-term results of therapy with sunitinib in metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma. Tumori 103 (3): 231-235, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  225. Kummar S, Allen D, Monks A, et al.: Cediranib for metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 31 (18): 2296-302, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  226. Kim M, Kim TM, Keam B, et al.: A Phase II Trial of Pazopanib in Patients with Metastatic Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma. Oncologist : , 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  227. Stacchiotti S, Mir O, Le Cesne A, et al.: Activity of Pazopanib and Trabectedin in Advanced Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma. Oncologist 23 (1): 62-70, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  228. Coindre JM, Hostein I, Terrier P, et al.: Diagnosis of clear cell sarcoma by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of paraffin embedded tissues: clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of 44 patients from the French sarcoma group. Cancer 107 (5): 1055-64, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract]
  229. Meis-Kindblom JM: Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses: a historical perspective and tribute to the man behind the entity. Adv Anat Pathol 13 (6): 286-92, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract]
  230. Dim DC, Cooley LD, Miranda RN: Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses: a review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 131 (1): 152-6, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  231. Blazer DG 3rd, Lazar AJ, Xing Y, et al.: Clinical outcomes of molecularly confirmed clear cell sarcoma from a single institution and in comparison with data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. Cancer 115 (13): 2971-9, 2009. [PUBMED Abstract]
  232. Fujimura Y, Siddique H, Lee L, et al.: EWS-ATF-1 chimeric protein in soft tissue clear cell sarcoma associates with CREB-binding protein and interferes with p53-mediated trans-activation function. Oncogene 20 (46): 6653-9, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract]
  233. Hisaoka M, Ishida T, Kuo TT, et al.: Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis of 33 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 32 (3): 452-60, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract]
  234. Ferrari A, Casanova M, Bisogno G, et al.: Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses in pediatric patients: a report from the Italian and German Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cooperative Group. Cancer 94 (12): 3269-76, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract]
  235. Karita M, Tsuchiya H, Yamamoto N, et al.: Caffeine-potentiated chemotherapy for clear cell sarcoma: a report of five cases. Int J Clin Oncol 18 (1): 33-7, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  236. Schöffski P, Wozniak A, Stacchiotti S, et al.: Activity and safety of crizotinib in patients with advanced clear-cell sarcoma with MET alterations: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase II trial 90101 'CREATE'. Ann Oncol 28 (12): 3000-3008, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  237. Tsuneyoshi M, Enjoji M, Iwasaki H, et al.: Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma--a clinicopathologic and electron microscopic study. Acta Pathol Jpn 31 (3): 439-47, 1981. [PUBMED Abstract]
  238. Hachitanda Y, Tsuneyoshi M, Daimaru Y, et al.: Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma in young children. Cancer 61 (12): 2521-6, 1988. [PUBMED Abstract]
  239. Hisaoka M, Ishida T, Imamura T, et al.: TFG is a novel fusion partner of NOR1 in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 40 (4): 325-8, 2004. [PUBMED Abstract]
  240. Enzinger FM, Shiraki M: Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. An analysis of 34 cases. Hum Pathol 3 (3): 421-35, 1972. [PUBMED Abstract]
  241. McGrory JE, Rock MG, Nascimento AG, et al.: Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res (382): 185-90, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract]
  242. Drilon AD, Popat S, Bhuchar G, et al.: Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: a retrospective review from 2 referral centers emphasizing long-term outcomes with surgery and chemotherapy. Cancer 113 (12): 3364-71, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract]
  243. Stacchiotti S, Pantaleo MA, Astolfi A, et al.: Activity of sunitinib in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Eur J Cancer 50 (9): 1657-64, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  244. Leuschner I, Radig K, Harms D: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor. Semin Diagn Pathol 13 (3): 204-12, 1996. [PUBMED Abstract]
  245. Kushner BH, LaQuaglia MP, Wollner N, et al.: Desmoplastic small round-cell tumor: prolonged progression-free survival with aggressive multimodality therapy. J Clin Oncol 14 (5): 1526-31, 1996. [PUBMED Abstract]
  246. Saab R, Khoury JD, Krasin M, et al.: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor in childhood: the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 49 (3): 274-9, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  247. Wang LL, Perlman EJ, Vujanic GM, et al.: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the kidney in childhood. Am J Surg Pathol 31 (4): 576-84, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  248. Hayes-Jordan A, LaQuaglia MP, Modak S: Management of desmoplastic small round cell tumor. Semin Pediatr Surg 25 (5): 299-304, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  249. Arora VC, Price AP, Fleming S, et al.: Characteristic imaging features of desmoplastic small round cell tumour. Pediatr Radiol 43 (1): 93-102, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  250. Gerald WL, Ladanyi M, de Alava E, et al.: Clinical, pathologic, and molecular spectrum of tumors associated with t(11;22)(p13;q12): desmoplastic small round-cell tumor and its variants. J Clin Oncol 16 (9): 3028-36, 1998. [PUBMED Abstract]
  251. Lal DR, Su WT, Wolden SL, et al.: Results of multimodal treatment for desmoplastic small round cell tumors. J Pediatr Surg 40 (1): 251-5, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract]
  252. Philippe-Chomette P, Kabbara N, Andre N, et al.: Desmoplastic small round cell tumors with EWS-WT1 fusion transcript in children and young adults. Pediatr Blood Cancer 58 (6): 891-7, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  253. Sedig L, Geiger J, Mody R, et al.: Paratesticular desmoplastic small round cell tumors: A case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Blood Cancer 64 (12): , 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  254. Subbiah V, Lamhamedi-Cherradi SE, Cuglievan B, et al.: Multimodality Treatment of Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor: Chemotherapy and Complete Cytoreductive Surgery Improve Patient Survival. Clin Cancer Res 24 (19): 4865-4873, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  255. Schwarz RE, Gerald WL, Kushner BH, et al.: Desmoplastic small round cell tumors: prognostic indicators and results of surgical management. Ann Surg Oncol 5 (5): 416-22, 1998 Jul-Aug. [PUBMED Abstract]
  256. Goodman KA, Wolden SL, La Quaglia MP, et al.: Whole abdominopelvic radiotherapy for desmoplastic small round-cell tumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54 (1): 170-6, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract]
  257. Osborne EM, Briere TM, Hayes-Jordan A, et al.: Survival and toxicity following sequential multimodality treatment including whole abdominopelvic radiotherapy for patients with desmoplastic small round cell tumor. Radiother Oncol 119 (1): 40-4, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  258. Atallah V, Honore C, Orbach D, et al.: Role of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy After Surgery for Abdominal Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 95 (4): 1244-53, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  259. Cook RJ, Wang Z, Arora M, et al.: Clinical outcomes of patients with desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the peritoneum undergoing autologous HCT: a CIBMTR retrospective analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 47 (11): 1455-8, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  260. Tarek N, Hayes-Jordan A, Salvador L, et al.: Recurrent desmoplastic small round cell tumor responding to an mTOR inhibitor containing regimen. Pediatr Blood Cancer 65 (1): , 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  261. Kodet R, Newton WA Jr, Sachs N, et al.: Rhabdoid tumors of soft tissues: a clinicopathologic study of 26 cases enrolled on the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. Hum Pathol 22 (7): 674-84, 1991. [PUBMED Abstract]
  262. Biegel JA, Zhou JY, Rorke LB, et al.: Germ-line and acquired mutations of INI1 in atypical teratoid and rhabdoid tumors. Cancer Res 59 (1): 74-9, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  263. Eaton KW, Tooke LS, Wainwright LM, et al.: Spectrum of SMARCB1/INI1 mutations in familial and sporadic rhabdoid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 56 (1): 7-15, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  264. Lee RS, Stewart C, Carter SL, et al.: A remarkably simple genome underlies highly malignant pediatric rhabdoid cancers. J Clin Invest 122 (8): 2983-8, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  265. Sultan I, Qaddoumi I, Rodríguez-Galindo C, et al.: Age, stage, and radiotherapy, but not primary tumor site, affects the outcome of patients with malignant rhabdoid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 54 (1): 35-40, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  266. Puri DR, Meyers PA, Kraus DH, et al.: Radiotherapy in the multimodal treatment of extrarenal extracranial malignant rhabdoid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 50 (1): 167-9, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract]
  267. Madigan CE, Armenian SH, Malogolowkin MH, et al.: Extracranial malignant rhabdoid tumors in childhood: the Childrens Hospital Los Angeles experience. Cancer 110 (9): 2061-6, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]
  268. Bourdeaut F, Fréneaux P, Thuille B, et al.: Extra-renal non-cerebral rhabdoid tumours. Pediatr Blood Cancer 51 (3): 363-8, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract]
  269. Wetmore C, Boyett J, Li S, et al.: Alisertib is active as single agent in recurrent atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors in 4 children. Neuro Oncol 17 (6): 882-8, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  270. Martignoni G, Pea M, Reghellin D, et al.: Molecular pathology of lymphangioleiomyomatosis and other perivascular epithelioid cell tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 134 (1): 33-40, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  271. Bissler JJ, McCormack FX, Young LR, et al.: Sirolimus for angiomyolipoma in tuberous sclerosis complex or lymphangioleiomyomatosis. N Engl J Med 358 (2): 140-51, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract]
  272. Davies DM, Johnson SR, Tattersfield AE, et al.: Sirolimus therapy in tuberous sclerosis or sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis. N Engl J Med 358 (2): 200-3, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract]
  273. Agaram NP, Sung YS, Zhang L, et al.: Dichotomy of Genetic Abnormalities in PEComas With Therapeutic Implications. Am J Surg Pathol 39 (6): 813-25, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  274. Folpe A, Inwards C, eds.: Bone and Soft Tissue Pathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co, 2010.
  275. Armah HB, Parwani AV: Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor. Arch Pathol Lab Med 133 (4): 648-54, 2009. [PUBMED Abstract]
  276. Alaggio R, Cecchetto G, Martignoni G, et al.: Malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumor in children: description of a case and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg 47 (6): e31-40, 2012. [PUBMED Abstract]
  277. Wagner AJ, Malinowska-Kolodziej I, Morgan JA, et al.: Clinical activity of mTOR inhibition with sirolimus in malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumors: targeting the pathogenic activation of mTORC1 in tumors. J Clin Oncol 28 (5): 835-40, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  278. Spunt SL, Million L, Anderson JR, et al.: Risk-based treatment for nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) in patients under 30 years of age: Children’s Oncology Group study ARST0332. [Abstract] J Clin Oncol 32 (Suppl 15): A-10008, 2014. Also available online. Last accessed April 18, 2019.
  279. Laetsch TW, Roy A, Xu L, et al.: Undifferentiated Sarcomas in Children Harbor Clinically Relevant Oncogenic Fusions and Gene Copy-Number Alterations: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group. Clin Cancer Res 24 (16): 3888-3897, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  280. Randall RL, Albritton KH, Ferney BJ, et al.: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of soft tissue: an abandoned diagnosis. Am J Orthop 33 (12): 602-8, 2004. [PUBMED Abstract]
  281. Alaggio R, Collini P, Randall RL, et al.: Undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcomas in children: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and review of literature. Pediatr Dev Pathol 13 (3): 209-17, 2010 May-Jun. [PUBMED Abstract]
  282. Le Guellec S, Chibon F, Ouali M, et al.: Are peripheral purely undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas with MDM2 amplification dedifferentiated liposarcomas? Am J Surg Pathol 38 (3): 293-304, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  283. Daw NC, Billups CA, Pappo AS, et al.: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma and other fibrohistiocytic tumors in pediatric patients: the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital experience. Cancer 97 (11): 2839-47, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract]
  284. Schaefer IM, Fletcher CDM: Recent advances in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours. Pathology 50 (1): 37-48, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  285. Kao YC, Owosho AA, Sung YS, et al.: BCOR-CCNB3 Fusion Positive Sarcomas: A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Analysis of 36 Cases With Comparison to Morphologic Spectrum and Clinical Behavior of Other Round Cell Sarcomas. Am J Surg Pathol 42 (5): 604-615, 2018. [PUBMED Abstract]
  286. Machado I, Navarro S, Llombart-Bosch A: Ewing sarcoma and the new emerging Ewing-like sarcomas: (CIC and BCOR-rearranged-sarcomas). A systematic review. Histol Histopathol 31 (11): 1169-81, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  287. Cohen-Gogo S, Cellier C, Coindre JM, et al.: Ewing-like sarcomas with BCOR-CCNB3 fusion transcript: a clinical, radiological and pathological retrospective study from the Société Française des Cancers de L'Enfant. Pediatr Blood Cancer 61 (12): 2191-8, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  288. Antonescu CR, Owosho AA, Zhang L, et al.: Sarcomas With CIC-rearrangements Are a Distinct Pathologic Entity With Aggressive Outcome: A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Study of 115 Cases. Am J Surg Pathol 41 (7): 941-949, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  289. Coffin CM, Dehner LP: Vascular tumors in children and adolescents: a clinicopathologic study of 228 tumors in 222 patients. Pathol Annu 28 Pt 1: 97-120, 1993. [PUBMED Abstract]
  290. Mehrabi A, Kashfi A, Fonouni H, et al.: Primary malignant hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: a comprehensive review of the literature with emphasis on the surgical therapy. Cancer 107 (9): 2108-21, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract]
  291. Haro A, Saitoh G, Tamiya S, et al.: Four-year natural clinical course of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma without therapy. Thorac Cancer 6 (4): 544-7, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  292. Sardaro A, Bardoscia L, Petruzzelli MF, et al.: Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: an overview and update on a rare vascular tumor. Oncol Rev 8 (2): 259, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  293. Dong K, Wang XX, Feng JL, et al.: Pathological characteristics of liver biopsies in eight patients with hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 8 (9): 11015-23, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  294. Adams DM, Hammill A: Other vascular tumors. Semin Pediatr Surg 23 (4): 173-7, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  295. Xiao Y, Wang C, Song Y, et al.: Primary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the kidney: the first case report in a child and literature review. Urology 82 (4): 925-7, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  296. Reich S, Ringe H, Uhlenberg B, et al.: Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the lung presenting with pneumonia and heart rhythm disturbances in a teenage girl. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 32 (4): 274-6, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  297. Daller JA, Bueno J, Gutierrez J, et al.: Hepatic hemangioendothelioma: clinical experience and management strategy. J Pediatr Surg 34 (1): 98-105; discussion 105-6, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  298. Ackermann O, Fabre M, Franchi S, et al.: Widening spectrum of liver angiosarcoma in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 53 (6): 615-9, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  299. Stacchiotti S, Provenzano S, Dagrada G, et al.: Sirolimus in Advanced Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma: A Retrospective Case-Series Analysis from the Italian Rare Cancer Network Database. Ann Surg Oncol 23 (9): 2735-44, 2016. [PUBMED Abstract]
  300. Semenisty V, Naroditsky I, Keidar Z, et al.: Pazopanib for metastatic pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma-a suitable treatment option: case report and review of anti-angiogenic treatment options. BMC Cancer 15: 402, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  301. Raheja A, Suri A, Singh S, et al.: Multimodality management of a giant skull base hemangioendothelioma of the sphenopetroclival region. J Clin Neurosci 22 (9): 1495-8, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  302. Ahmad N, Adams DM, Wang J, et al.: Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in a patient with hemochromatosis. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 12 (9): 1203-7, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  303. Otte JB, Zimmerman A: The role of liver transplantation for pediatric epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Pediatr Transplant 14 (3): 295-7, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  304. Cioffi A, Reichert S, Antonescu CR, et al.: Angiosarcomas and other sarcomas of endothelial origin. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 27 (5): 975-88, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  305. Jeng MR, Fuh B, Blatt J, et al.: Malignant transformation of infantile hemangioma to angiosarcoma: response to chemotherapy with bevacizumab. Pediatr Blood Cancer 61 (11): 2115-7, 2014. [PUBMED Abstract]
  306. Dehner LP, Ishak KG: Vascular tumors of the liver in infants and children. A study of 30 cases and review of the literature. Arch Pathol 92 (2): 101-11, 1971. [PUBMED Abstract]
  307. Ferrari A, Casanova M, Bisogno G, et al.: Malignant vascular tumors in children and adolescents: a report from the Italian and German Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cooperative Group. Med Pediatr Oncol 39 (2): 109-14, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract]
  308. Deyrup AT, Miettinen M, North PE, et al.: Pediatric cutaneous angiosarcomas: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 35 (1): 70-5, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract]
  309. Elliott P, Kleinschmidt I: Angiosarcoma of the liver in Great Britain in proximity to vinyl chloride sites. Occup Environ Med 54 (1): 14-8, 1997. [PUBMED Abstract]
  310. Lezama-del Valle P, Gerald WL, Tsai J, et al.: Malignant vascular tumors in young patients. Cancer 83 (8): 1634-9, 1998. [PUBMED Abstract]
  311. Fata F, O'Reilly E, Ilson D, et al.: Paclitaxel in the treatment of patients with angiosarcoma of the scalp or face. Cancer 86 (10): 2034-7, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract]
  312. Lahat G, Dhuka AR, Hallevi H, et al.: Angiosarcoma: clinical and molecular insights. Ann Surg 251 (6): 1098-106, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract]
  313. Orlando G, Adam R, Mirza D, et al.: Hepatic hemangiosarcoma: an absolute contraindication to liver transplantation--the European Liver Transplant Registry experience. Transplantation 95 (6): 872-7, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  314. Sanada T, Nakayama H, Irisawa R, et al.: Clinical outcome and dose volume evaluation in patients who undergo brachytherapy for angiosarcoma of the scalp and face. Mol Clin Oncol 6 (3): 334-340, 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]
  315. Dickson MA, D'Adamo DR, Keohan ML, et al.: Phase II Trial of Gemcitabine and Docetaxel with Bevacizumab in Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Sarcoma 2015: 532478, 2015. [PUBMED Abstract]
  316. North PE, Waner M, Mizeracki A, et al.: A unique microvascular phenotype shared by juvenile hemangiomas and human placenta. Arch Dermatol 137 (5): 559-70, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract]
  317. Boye E, Yu Y, Paranya G, et al.: Clonality and altered behavior of endothelial cells from hemangiomas. J Clin Invest 107 (6): 745-52, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract]
  318. Ravi V, Patel S: Vascular sarcomas. Curr Oncol Rep 15 (4): 347-55, 2013. [PUBMED Abstract]
  319. Grassia KL, Peterman CM, Iacobas I, et al.: Clinical case series of pediatric hepatic angiosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 64 (11): , 2017. [PUBMED Abstract]

No hay comentarios:

Publicar un comentario