lunes, 1 de abril de 2019

Aarskog Syndrome Symptoms

Download PDF Copy

By Susha Cheriyedath, M.Sc.Reviewed by Susha Cheriyedath, M.Sc.

A genetic disorder caused by the gene mutation FGD1 (faciogenital dysplasia) results in Aarskog syndrome. Males are more prone to the disease compared with females. Male patients exhibit many distinctive signs and symptoms such as physical and genital deformities.

This genetic disorder is very rare, characterized by underdeveloped growth. However, it is not evident until the age of 3. Anomalies involve broad facial deformity, musculoskeletal abnormalities, genital irregularities, and a minimal intellectual disability. Often, some minor cases are not recognized. So determining the exact frequency of the affected population is difficult. Physicians generally review the medical history of the patients, and their symptoms, perform physical examination, and make use of laboratory test outcomes to arrive at a conclusion of their diagnosis.

Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms vary across patients. However, based on the frequency of the appearance of the symptoms we can classify the signs and symptoms of the syndrome into four categories:

Very frequent symptoms
Frequent symptoms
Sporadic symptoms
Individualized symptoms

When 80%–99% of the patients produce a symptom, it can be under the very frequent symptom category. Symptoms shared by about 30%–79% of patients are categorized as frequent symptoms. Symptoms seen in fewer patients - 5%–29% - are grouped as sporadic symptoms. Some patients have reported symptoms that are very specific to them, and they are called individualized symptoms.

Very Frequent Symptoms

Hypertelorism, in particular, ocular hypertelorism is where a wide gap between the eyes is noticed in patients. Small hands and short palms are typical symptoms. Although camptodactyly, the finger-bent condition is very frequent, clinodactyly the permanent bent position of the fifth finger, the little finger, and finger syndactyly—where two or more fingers are clubbed together, is also seen as a common symptom.

Umbilical hernia—a swelling in the navel or near the navel surface is most frequent, however, inguinal hernia is also a frequent symptom where swelling can appear in the groin or the scrotum can be seen enlarged. Genital abnormalities include shawl scrotum where the abnormal skin fold covers the penis just like a shawl. Broad foot and short foot are also some of the very frequent symptoms.

Frequent Symptoms

Anterior hairline that is high, broad forehead, eyelid folds slanting downwards (palpebral fissures), ptosis—drooping eyelid, malformation in the external ear involving thick low-set ears with fleshy earlobes, wide nasal bridge, long philtrums, cognitive impairment, and hyperextensible skin are some frequent symptoms.

Some or many joints have an unusually large range of movement, a condition termed as joint hyperflexibility. Cryptorchidism, in which the testes fail to move down into the scrotum, also occurs frequently.

Sporadic Symptoms

Round face and a shorter neck, epicanthic folds, maxillary hypoplasia, which causes several facial abnormalities, and single transverse palmar crease may be seen in some patients.

Vision abnormalities such as crossed eyes or strabismus—an eye condition in which the individuals may not be able to align both the eyes together while focusing objects, enlargement of the cornea that is not progressive, megalocornea, are sporadic. A split or a vertical groove in the upper lip (cleft lip) and cleft palate, where the closure of the roof of the mouth will be incomplete, may also occur. Teeth missed at birth, very slow development of teeth, and enamel hypoplasia (EHP) are some of the dental abnormalities that may occur occasionally.

Malfunction of cardiovascular system morphology, funnel chest, or pectus excavatum—the breast bone is sunken and the middle of the chest appears to be hollow, congestive heart failure, Genu recurvatum—the extension of the knee, which is larger than 5 degrees, foot deformity such as Pes planus or flat foot, where the longitudinal arch of the foot is flat, and talipes, are some of the symptoms that are witnessed occasionally.

Individualized Symptoms

Widow's peak—suppressed hair growth in the forehead, ocular symptoms such as hyperopia or farsightedness, ophthalmoplegia, a condition in which some of the muscles in the eye or adjacent to the eye are paralyzed, short nose with forward flared nostrils, and broad philtrum are also witnessed in some patients.

While in some individuals, finger joints are hyperextensible, there are cases of Brachydactyly syndrome, a group of limb deformities where the fingers and toes are very short. Some types of brachydactyly syndrome can lead to a short stature.

In some patients, extra pairs of ribs were also present. Conditions such as spina bifida occulta, where the bones of the spinal cord and the surrounding membrane are not closed properly, malfunction of cervical vertebrae such as upper bones fusion, odontoid hypoplasia in which the cervical vertebrae can be misaligned, and scoliosis where the twists and curvature of the spine to the side are abnormal, are some of the spine related abnormalities seen in some patients.

Some children were diagnosed for hyperactivity, failed to gain weight and grow at an expected rate, puberty is delayed, and were sufferers from chronic infections to the respiratory system.