Cáncer de mama y de ovario hereditarios
Tener antecedentes familiares de cáncer de mama y de ovario afecta el riesgo de una mujer de presentar estas enfermedades. Aprenda acerca del riesgo hereditario y si se podría beneficiar de la consejería y de las pruebas genéticas.
Con la excepción del cáncer de piel, el cáncer de mama es el tipo de cáncer más común en las mujeres; esta enfermedad se les diagnostica cada año a cerca de 200 000 mujeres en los Estados Unidos. Cerca de 7 de cada 100 mujeres (o el 7%) tendrán cáncer de mama en algún momento de su vida hasta los 70 años; cerca de 1 de cada 100 mujeres (o el 1%) tendrá cáncer de ovario en algún momento de su vida hasta los 70 años. Aunque el cáncer de ovario es menos común, es mucho más difícil de detectar y a menudo es más grave. La mayoría de los cánceres de mama y de ovario se presenta en mujeres después de los 50 años.
La mayoría de los cánceres de mama y de ovario no son hereditarios
- Solo cerca del 5 al 10% de los cánceres de mama y de ovario se consideran hereditarios. Estos cánceres son producto de mutaciones hereditarias en importantes genes individuales que tienen un gran efecto, tales como los genesBRCA 1 y BRCA 2 (BRCA1/2) de predisposición al cáncer de mama. Los cánceres hereditarios a menudo afectan a varios miembros de la familia y ocurren a temprana edad.
- Algunos cánceres de mama y de ovario en las familias son resultado de factores genéticos secundarios combinados con el envejecimiento, el ambiente y el estilo de vida.
- La mayoría de los cánceres de mama y de ovario se deben principalmente al envejecimiento, al ambiente y al estilo de vida.
Indicios de antecedentes familiares
Es probable que usted tenga un riesgo mayor de heredar mutaciones en los genesBRCA1/2 si sus antecedentes familiares incluyen una o más de las siguientes características:
- Varios parientes con cáncer de mama o de ovario.
- Cáncer de mama a temprana edad (menor de 50).
- Un pariente con cáncer en ambas mamas.
- Una pariente que tenga cáncer de mama y de ovario.
- Un pariente hombre con cáncer de mama.
- Ancestros judíos asquenazíes y cualquier pariente con cáncer de mama o de ovario.
- Un pariente con una mutación genética conocida en los genes BRCA1/2.
Conozca los genes BRCA
Los BRCA1/2 son genes que normalmente protegen de ciertos tipos de cáncer. Las mujeres que heredan una mutación en estos genes tienen un riesgo mucho mayor de que les dé cáncer de mama o de ovario. Pero se pueden tomar medidas importantes para ayudar a disminuir el riesgo de cáncer en estas mujeres. No todas las personas que heredan una mutación en los genes BRCA1/2 tendrán cáncer de mama o de ovario.
Riesgo del cáncer de mama
Mujeres de la población general de los EE. UU.
Mujeres con una mutación genética en los BRCA1/2
Riesgo del cáncer de ovario
Mujeres de la población general de los EE. UU.
Mujeres con una mutación genética en los BRCA1/2
Pruebas genéticas de BRCA1/2
Hay pruebas genéticas que permiten averiguar si una mujer heredó una mutación en sus genes BRCA1/2. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los cánceres de mama y de ovario no son causados por estas mutaciones genéticas, por lo tanto, las pruebas genéticas de BRCA1/2 son beneficiosas solo para una pequeña cantidad de mujeres. Si le preocupan sus antecedentes familiares, debería tener una cita con un consejero genético u otro profesional de la salud calificado para hablar sobre lo siguiente:
- Sus antecedentes familiares.
- Posibles factores de riesgo de cáncer.
- Si sería beneficioso hacerse pruebas de BRCA1/2.
- Los posibles resultados de las pruebas y su efecto en la atención médica.
- Los efectos en los miembros de la familia.
- Los pros y los contras de las pruebas.
Does Breast or Ovarian Cancer Run in Your Family? | Features | CDC
Does Breast or Ovarian Cancer Run in Your Family?
If you have close relatives with breast or ovarian cancer, you may be at higher risk for developing these diseases. Does your family health history put you at higher risk? Would you benefit from cancer genetic counseling and testing?
Each year, over 200,000 women in the United States are diagnosed withbreast cancer and more than 20,000 are diagnosed with ovarian cancer. About 3% of breast cancers (about 6,000 women per year) and 10% of ovarian cancers (about 2,000 women per year) result from inherited mutations (changes) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that are passed on in families. Inherited mutations in other genes can also cause breast and ovarian cancer, but BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the genes most commonly affected. Knowing your family health history can help you find out if you could be at higher risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer. If so, you can take steps to help lower your risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
Cancer risks for women
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Breast Cancer Risk | ||
Women in the
U.S. General Population |
Women with a BRCA1
or BRCA2 Mutation | |
Ovarian Cancer Risk | ||
Women in the
U.S. General Population |
Women with a BRCA1
or BRCA2 Mutation | |
Does Your Family Health History Put You At Risk?
Tell your doctor if you have a personal or family health history of any of the following:
- Breast cancer at age 45 or younger in women
- Breast cancer at age 46–50 in women and at least one close blood relative with breast cancer at any age or limited information about family history
- Triple negative breast cancer at age 60 or younger in women (Triple negative cancers are a type of breast cancer that lack estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2))
- Breast cancer at any age in men
- Ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer
- Cancer in both breasts
- Pancreatic cancer or prostate cancer with Gleason score >7
- Breast, ovarian, pancreatic, or prostate cancer among multiple blood relatives
- Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jewish ancestry
- A known BRCA mutation in the family
All women should collect and record their family health history of breast and ovarian cancer. You can inherit BRCA and other mutations from your mother or your father, so be sure to include information from both sides of your family. Close relatives include your parents, sisters, brothers, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, and grandchildren.
You can use the Know:BRCA tool to collect your family health history information, assess your risk for BRCA mutations, and share this information with your doctor. Update your family health history on a regular basis and let your doctor know if any new cases of breast or ovarian cancer occur.
What Can You Do If You Are Concerned About Your Risk?
If you are concerned that you might have an inherited mutation that increases your risk for breast and ovarian cancer, the first step is to talk to your doctor about your family health history and whether genetic counseling might be right for you. Your doctor may refer you to a genetic counselor or other qualified health care professional to discuss your family health history and to learn about your options for genetic testing.
The genetic counselor can use your family health history information to determine your possible cancer risks and whether you might consider BRCAgenetic testing to find out if you have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Genetic testing is most useful if first performed on someone in your family who has had breast or ovarian cancer. If this relative has a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, then her close relatives can be offered testing for that mutation. If she does not have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, then her relatives may not need to be tested. Remember that most breast and ovarian cancer is not caused by BRCAmutations so most women don't need BRCA genetic testing.
The genetic counselor can discuss the pros and cons of testing and what possible test results could mean for you and your family. It is important to note that genetic testing for BRCA mutations will not find all causes of hereditary breast or ovarian cancer. In some cases, the genetic counselor might recommend genetic testing using a panel that looks for mutations in several genes in addition to BRCA1 and BRCA2. BRCA genetic counseling and testing is often, but not always, covered without cost sharing by many health plans under the Affordable Care Act.
CDC - Breast Cancer in Young Women Feature
Breast Cancer in Young Women
Carletta (right) was 41 years old and in the middle of training for a triathlon when she received her breast cancer diagnosis. Read her story.
Young women can and do get breast cancer.
Most breast cancers are found in women who are 50 years old or older, but breast cancer also affects younger women. About 11% of all new cases of breast cancer in the United States are found in women younger than 45 years of age.
Who Has a Higher Risk?
Some young women are at a higher risk for getting breast cancer at an early age compared with other women their age. If you are a woman under age 45, you may have a higher risk if you have—
- Close relatives who were diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer when they were younger than 45, especially if more than one relative was diagnosed or if a male relative had breast cancer.
- Changes in your BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, or close relatives with these changes.
- An Ashkenazi Jewish heritage.
- Been treated with radiation therapy to the breast or chest during childhood or early adulthood.
- Had breast cancer or certain other breast health problems.
- Been told that you have dense breasts on a mammogram.
What Can I Do to Lower My Risk?
It is important that you—
- Know how your breasts normally look and feel. If you notice a change in the size or shape of your breast, feel pain in your breast, have nipple discharge other than breast milk (including blood), or other symptoms, talk to a doctor right away.
- Make healthy choices. Keeping a healthy weight, getting enough physical activity and sleep, and breastfeeding your babies can help lower your overall risk. If you are taking, or have been told to take, hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives (birth control pills), ask your doctor about the risks.
- Talk to your doctor if you have a higher risk. If your risk is high, your doctor may talk to you about getting mammograms earlier and more often than other women, whether other screening tests might be right for you, and medicines or surgeries that can lower your risk. Your doctor may also suggest that you get genetic counseling to determine if you should be tested for changes in your BRCA1, BRCA2, and other genes related to breast cancer.


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