lunes, 27 de enero de 2020

Drug Abuse and Depression

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By Sally Robertson, B.Sc.Reviewed by Dr. Jennifer Logan, MD, MPH

Depression is a common condition that is associated with an increased risk for other chronic health problems, including substance abuse.

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When a person is depressed, it can be tempting to relieve depressive symptoms by turning to drugs and/or alcohol. An estimated one-third of people with clinical depression engage in substance abuse as a form of self-medication to relieve feelings of hopelessness, low-self-opinion, and despair.

Although these chemical intoxicants may temporarily relieve symptoms, they can also make depression more severe and trigger or intensify the negative feelings and self-destructive behaviors associated with depression.

People who have depression are at an approximately 10% lifetime risk of suicide, a risk that increases to 25% if substance abuse is added to the equation.

The substances can also become addictive, with the body becoming more dependent on their effects, the more a person uses them. In this way, depression and substance abuse feed into each other, with one condition often making the other condition worse.

Over time, substance abuse may not only intensify depressive symptoms but also eventually lead to health problems such as brain damage.

Dual diagnosis

According to the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, data indicate that people who are diagnosed with a mood disorder are at double the risk of developing a substance use disorder, compared with people who do not have a mood disorder.

A national survey by The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration found that in 2014, approximately 7.9 million adults in the United States had two co-existing mental health problems such as depression and substance abuse. Data gathered by the University of Utah also showed that 27% of people with major depressive disorder have a drug addiction. When disorders co-occur in this way, the term “dual diagnosis” is used.

Risk factors for depression and drug abuse

Certain people are at an increased risk for depression and therefore an increased risk for a substance use disorder. These include:

Middle-aged individuals between 45 and 64 years old
African Americans
Hispanics
People who have been unemployed for a long time
People who are unable to work
People who do not have medical insurance

People suffering from depression experience more than occasional feelings of sadness and symptoms can manifest physically, as well as mentally. Some common symptoms of depression include:

Loss of interest in hobbies, socializing activities, work, and personal goals
Feelings of pessimism, worthlessness, and hopelessness.
Irritability
Difficulty concentrating
Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much
Appetite and weight changes

Most people experience at least one of these common symptoms at some point in their life, but for people with clinical depression, multiple symptoms persist for at least 2 weeks can become extremely dangerous. Signs of severe depression include suicidal thoughts, self-destructive behaviors and hallucinations or delusions.

Shared factors contribute to depression and substance abuse

Research has shown that many of the factors involved in depression also contribute to substance use disorders. For example, both conditions seem to stem from problems involving the same brain chemicals and pathways, as well as factors such as family history and previous trauma.

Studies have shown that people with depression have lower levels of dopamine; drugs of abuse are also known to alter dopamine levels. The hormone serotonin is the neurotransmitter most commonly associated with depression and other mood disorders. Similarly, people with alcoholism have alterations to serotonin receptors.

Among people with certain mental health disorders, reward pathways in the brain are dysfunctional. Similarly, people who abuse cocaine also seem to have dysfunction in these reward pathways.

Stress and trauma during childhood

Stress and trauma during childhood also increase a person’s risk of developing both depression and a substance abuse disorder later in life. Examples of events that may trigger childhood trauma and stress include the death of a parent, sexual or psychological abuse, domestic violence, and neglect.

The Brain & Behavior Research Foundation states that, while an association between childhood trauma and depression in adulthood does exist, further research is needed to establish why susceptibility to depression is more common in these individuals.

Clinical research has suggested that exposure to stress during childhood lowers levels of the “feel-good hormone” oxytocin, which affects feelings of trust and bonding. A brain region called the hippocampus, which is involved in memory and emotion, also tends to be smaller in people who suffer from chronic stress.

According to the National Child Traumatic Stress Network, some research has shown that children who have been exposed to trauma, experience stress regularly, or have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at an increased risk for substance abuse. The studies indicated that between one-quarter and three-quarters of people exposed to childhood trauma started using substances of abuse to help them cope with their feelings. Studies have even shown that these people find it difficult to stop using the substances because the negative emotions then start again.

Treatment of a dual diagnosis

Treatment for a dual diagnosis of depression and substance abuse usually attempts to treat both conditions simultaneously.

Without proper treatment for the depression that drives addiction, or vice versa, patients are at risk of returning to their addictive behaviors or experiencing a recurrence of depressive symptoms.

Treatment usually involves a combination of medication and therapy. Antidepressants may be prescribed to help stabilize mood and drugs that help patients withdraw from substances may be used, as required. At the backbone of treatment are therapies such as individual counseling and group therapy to provide a stable foundation for addressing the problems that are related to both disorders.

Sources

The Connection Between Depression and Substance Abuse. Recovery First. American Addiction Centers Treatment Facility 2019. Available at: www.recoveryfirst.org/.../

Co-Occurring Diagnosis: Depression & Substance Abuse. American Addiction Centers 2019. Laura Close. Available at:americanaddictioncenters.org/treating-depression-substance-abuse

Understanding Depression. Addiction Center 2019. Jeffrey Juergens. Available at: https://www.addictioncenter.com/addiction/depression-and-addiction/

Alcohol, Substance Abuse And Depression. Mental Health America. Available at: https://www.mhanational.org/alcohol-substance-abuse-and-depression

Depression and Addiction. Dual diagnosis.org. Foundations Recovery Network. Available at: https://dualdiagnosis.org/depression-and-addiction/