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Pathophysiological effects of androgens on the female vascular system
Sex hormones and their respective receptors affect vascular function differently in men and women, so it is reasonable to assume they play a role in the sex differences in cardiovascular disease states. This r...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:45Roles for androgens in mediating the sex differences of neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses
Estradiol and testosterone are powerful steroid hormones that impact brain function in numerous ways. During development, these hormones can act to program the adult brain in a male or female direction. During...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:44The prognostic value of gender in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a propensity score matching analysis
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) of the stomach are the most common GISTs. The risk, incidence, and outcome of cancer are different between the sexes. Whether gender is related to the prognosis of gastr...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:43Reference genome and transcriptome informed by the sex chromosome complement of the sample increase ability to detect sex differences in gene expression from RNA-Seq data
Human X and Y chromosomes share an evolutionary origin and, as a consequence, sequence similarity. We investigated whether the sequence homology between the X and Y chromosomes affects the alignment of RNA-Seq...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:42Gender differences of morphological and hemodynamic characteristics of abdominal aortic aneurysm
Gender difference in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is an important topic in the field of cardiovascular medicine. In this study, we focused on the mortality difference of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), whi...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:41An interaction between fetal sex and placental weight and efficiency predicts intrauterine growth in response to maternal protein insufficiency and gestational exposure window in a mouse model of FASD
Individuals exposed to gestational stressors such as alcohol exhibit a spectrum of growth patterns, suggesting individualized responses to the stressors. We hypothesized that intrauterine growth responses to g...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:40A new sex-specific underlying mechanism for female schizophrenia: accelerated skewed X chromosome inactivation
X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the mechanism by which the X-linked gene dosage is adjusted between the sexes. Evidence shows that many sex-specific diseases have their basis in X chromosome biology. While ...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:39Sex differences in the association of abdominal adipose tissue and anthropometric data with untreated hypertension in a Chinese population
There are inconsistent interpretations of the interrelationship of adiposity, anthropometric indices, and blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. Additionally, whether these relationships differ between ...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:38Changes in excessive alcohol use among older women across the menopausal transition: a longitudinal analysis of the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation
Recent data suggest that excessive alcohol use is increasing among women and older adults. Such trends are concerning, as women are more vulnerable to alcohol-related health consequences, and such health probl...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:37Systematic review supports the role of DNA methylation in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia: a call for analytical and methodological standardization
Studies have recently examined the role of epigenetic mechanisms in preeclampsia pathophysiology. One commonly examined epigenetic process is DNA methylation. This heritable epigenetic marker is involved in ma...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:36Androgens’ effects on cerebrovascular function in health and disease
Androgens affect the cerebral vasculature and may contribute to sex differences in cerebrovascular diseases. Men are at a greater risk for stroke and vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:35Unfractionated heparin displaces sFlt-1 from the placental extracellular matrix
Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sFlt-1) is an anti-angiogenic protein which is secreted by numerous cell types and acts as a decoy receptor for the angiogenic protein vascular endothelia...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:34Sex differences in Alzheimer’s-related Tau biomarkers and a mediating effect of testosterone
Women show greater pathological Tau biomarkers than men along the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) continuum, particularly among apolipoprotein ε-E4 (APOE4) carriers; however, the reason for this sex difference in unk...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:33Sex differences in pharmacokinetics predict adverse drug reactions in women
Women experience adverse drug reactions, ADRs, nearly twice as often as men, yet the role of sex as a biological factor in the generation of ADRs is poorly understood. Most drugs currently in use were approved...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:32Estrogen-related mechanisms in sex differences of hypertension and target organ damage
Hypertension (HTN) is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events, target organ damage (TOD), premature death and disability worldwide. The pathophysiology of HTN is complex and influenced by many fac...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:31Androgens and the developing hippocampus
The hippocampus is central to spatial learning and stress responsiveness, both of which differ in form and function in males versus females, yet precisely how the hippocampus contributes to these sex differenc...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:30Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe
Emerging evidence from China suggests that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is deadlier for infected men than women with a 2.8% fatality rate being reported in Chinese men versus 1.7% in women. Further, sex...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:29Transcriptional analysis of the multiple Sry genes and developmental program at the onset of testis differentiation in the rat
The commonly used laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, is unique in having multiple Sry gene copies found on the Y chromosome, with different copies encoding amino acid variations that influence the resulting prote...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:28Sex differences in traumatic stress reactivity in rats with and without a history of alcohol drinking
Alcohol misuse and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid, and treatment outcomes are worse in individuals with both conditions. Although more men report experiencing traumatic events than w...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:27Fetal sex and maternal pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Since the placenta also has a sex, fetal sex–specific differences in the occurrence of placenta-mediated complications could exist.Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:26Sex- and growth-specific characteristics of small for gestational age infants: a prospective cohort study
Asymmetric fetal growth and male sex are both associated with adverse neonatal outcome. However, less is known about the influence of asymmetric growth and fetal sex within SGA neonates, a group of infants alr...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:25The impact of sex and gender on immunotherapy outcomes
Immunotherapies are often used for the treatment, remission, and possible cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers. Empirical evidence illustrates that females and males differ in outcomes...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:24Sex-related differences in markers of immune activation in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients
Gender-specific studies remain a neglected area of biomedical research. Recent reports have emphasized that sex-related biological factors may affect disease progression during HIV-1 infection. The aim of this...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:23Alterations of neural network organization during REM sleep in women: implication for sex differences in vulnerability to mood disorders
Sleep plays an important role in vulnerability to mood disorders. However, despite the existence of sex differences in vulnerability to mood disorders, no study has yet investigated the sex effect on sleep net...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:22Sex-specific clustering of metabolic risk factors and cancer risk: a longitudinal study in Iran
Cancer is a major cause of death in low- and middle-income countries. A large number of studies have shown that some of the metabolic risk factors (MRFs) tend to cluster in individuals. We examined the synergi...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:21Social functioning outcomes in men and women receiving medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder
Social functioning (SF), the ability to engage with life and fulfill roles may be a salient “patient important outcome” in addiction treatment. It is not known if medication-assisted treatment (MAT) impacts SF...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:20Age-period-cohort effects in pre-existing and pregnancy-associated diseases amongst primiparous women
The average age at first birth is steadily increasing in developed countries; however, demographic shifts in maternal age at childbearing have not occurred in isolation. While temporal increases in adverse pre...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:19Sex differences in vascular aging in response to testosterone
Large elastic arterial stiffening and endothelial dysfunction are phenotypic characteristics of vascular aging, a major risk factor for age-associated cardiovascular diseases. Compared to men, vascular aging i...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:18Sex differences in cancer mechanisms
We now know that cancer is many different diseases, with great variation even within a single histological subtype. With the current emphasis on developing personalized approaches to cancer treatment, it is as...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:17Calorie intake is associated with weight gain during transition phase of nutrition in female extremely low birth weight infants
We sought to determine whether there are sex-based differences in the requirements for calories or protein for optimal growth during the transition phase (TP) when an extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant, ...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:16Ovarian status modulates cardiovascular autonomic control and oxidative stress in target organs
Studies have presented conflicting findings regarding the association between both fluctuation and deprivation of ovarian hormones and cardiovascular autonomic modulation and oxidative stress and their potenti...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:15Pregnancy-associated cardiac dysfunction and the regulatory role of microRNAs
Many crucial cardiovascular adaptations occur in the body during pregnancy to ensure successful gestation. Maladaptation of the cardiovascular system during pregnancy can lead to complications that promote car...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:14Sex-specific and shared expression profiles of vulnerability and resilience to trauma in brain and blood
While post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined by behavioral/cognitive symptoms most directly relevant to brain function, it can be considered a systemic disorder characterized by a distinct inability ...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:13Neuroprotective and neurotoxic outcomes of androgens and estrogens in an oxidative stress environment
The role of sex hormones on cellular function is unclear. Studies show androgens and estrogens are protective in the CNS, whereas other studies found no effects or damaging effects. Furthermore, sex difference...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:12Early progression of pulmonary hypertension in the monocrotaline model in males is associated with increased lung permeability
The mechanisms involved in pulmonary hypertension (PH) development in patients and pre-clinical models are poorly understood. PH has a well-established sex dimorphism in patients with increased frequency of PH...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:11Obesity: sex and sympathetics
Obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in men, but not women. Here, we review current evidence suggesting that sexually dimorphic sympathoexcitatory responses to leptin and insulin may contribute. ...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:10Effects of fasting on the expression pattern of FGFs in different skeletal muscle fibre types and sexes in mice
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) belong to a large family comprising 22 FGF polypeptides that are widely expressed in tissues. Most of the FGFs can be secreted and involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:9Sex difference in dopamine D1-D2 receptor complex expression and signaling affects depression- and anxiety-like behaviors
Depression and anxiety are more common among females than males and represent a leading cause of disease-related disability in women. Since the dopamine D1-D2 heteromer is involved in depression- and anxiety-l...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:8Long-term exercise results in morphological and biomechanical changes in coronary resistance arterioles in male and female rats
Biomechanical remodeling of coronary resistance arteries in physiological left ventricular hypertrophy has not yet been analyzed, and the possible sex differences are unknown.Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:7Sex differences in muscle activity and motor variability in response to a non-fatiguing repetitive screwing task
Musculoskeletal disorders are more prevalent among women than among men, which may be explained by aspects of motor control, including neuromuscular requirements and motor variability. Using an exploratory app...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:6Sex-specific association between the gut microbiome and high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice
Accumulating evidence indicates that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders are associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. However, the sex-specific characteristics of the gut microbiota and its...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:56β-Hydroxytestosterone, a metabolite of testosterone generated by CYP1B1, contributes to vascular changes in angiotensin II-induced hypertension in male mice
Previously, we showed that 6β-hydroxytestosterone (6β-OHT), a cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)-derived metabolite of testosterone, contributes to angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension in male mice. This stu...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:4SeXY chromosomes and the immune system: reflections after a comparative study
Sex bias in immune function has been contributed in part to a preponderance of immune system-related genes (ISRG) on the X-chromosome. We verified whether ISRG are more abundant on the X chromosome as compared...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:3Estrogen modulation of pain perception with a novel 17β-estradiol pretreatment regime in ovariectomized rats
Estrogen plays substantial roles in pain modulation; however, studies concerning sex hormones and nociception often yield confusing results. The discrepancy could be a result of lack of consensus to regard est...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:2Sex differences in the risk of vascular disease associated with diabetes
Diabetes is a strong risk factor for vascular disease. There is compelling evidence that the relative risk of vascular disease associated with diabetes is substantially higher in women than men. The mechanisms...Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:1Novel human sex-typing strategies based on the autism candidate gene NLGN4X and its male-specific gametologue NLGN4Y
Since the early days of PCR techniques, sex identification, “sex-typing,” of genomic DNA samples has been a fundamental part of human forensic analysis but also in animal genetics aiming at strategic livestock...Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:62
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