Los avances de la medicina en el campo de la genética, por ende de la herencia, están modificando el paisaje del conocimiento médico de las enfermedades. Este BLOG intenta informar acerca de los avances proveyendo orientación al enfermo y su familia así como información científica al profesional del equipo de salud de habla hispana.
jueves, 14 de julio de 2016
Cáncer de seno (mama) (PDQ®)—Versión para pacientes - National Cancer Institute
El cáncer de mama es una enfermedad por la que se forman células malignas (cancerosas) en los tejidos de la mama.
Los antecedentes familiares de cáncer de mama y otros factores aumentan el riesgo de padecer de este cáncer.
En algunas ocasiones, el cáncer de mama obedece a mutaciones (alteraciones) genéticas heredadas.
El uso de ciertas medicinas y otros factores disminuyen el riesgo de cáncer de mama.
Los signos de cáncer de mama incluyen una masa o un cambio en la mama.
Para detectar (encontrar) y diagnosticar el cáncer de mama, se utilizan pruebas que examinan las mamas.
Si se encuentra cáncer, se llevan a cabo pruebas para estudiar las células cancerosas.
Ciertos factores afectan el pronóstico (probabilidad de recuperación) y las opciones de tratamiento.
El cáncer de mama es una enfermedad por la que se forman células malignas (cancerosas) en los tejidos de la mama.
La mama está compuesta por lóbulos y conductos. Cada mama tiene entre 15 y 20 secciones que se llaman lóbulos. Cada lóbulo contiene muchas secciones pequeñas llamadas lobulillos. Los lobulillos terminan en docenas de bulbos minúsculos que producen leche. Los lóbulos, los lobulillos y los bulbos están conectados por tubos delgados que se llaman conductos.
Anatomía de la mama femenina. Se muestran el pezón y la aréola en la parte externa de la mama. También se muestran los ganglios linfáticos, los lóbulos, los lobulillos, los conductos y otras partes internas de la mama.
Cada mama tiene también vasos sanguíneos y vasos linfáticos. Los vasos linfáticos transportan un líquido casi incoloro que se llama linfa. Los vasos linfáticos transportan linfa entre los ganglios linfáticos. Estos son estructuras pequeñas con forma de frijol que se encuentran en todo el cuerpo. Filtran sustancias en la linfa y ayudan a combatirinfecciones y enfermedades. Hay racimos de ganglios linfáticos cerca de la mama en lasaxilas (debajo de los brazos), por encima de la clavícula y en el pecho.
El tipo más común de cáncer de mama es el carcinoma ductal, que empieza en las célulasde los conductos. El cáncer que empieza en los lóbulos o los lobulillos se llama carcinoma lobulillar y se encuentra con mayor frecuencia en ambas mamas que otros tipos de cáncer de mama. El cáncer de mama inflamatorio es un tipo de cáncer poco común en el que la mama está caliente, enrojecida e hinchada.
Para mayor información, consulte los siguientes sumarios del PDQ sobre el cáncer de mama:
Los antecedentes familiares de cáncer de mama y otros factores aumentan el riesgo de padecer de este cáncer.
Cualquier cosa que aumente la probabilidad de presentar una enfermedad se denominafactor de riesgo. Tener un factor de riesgo no significa que se enfermará de cáncer; no tener factores de riesgo no significa que no se enfermará de cáncer. Consulte con su médico si piensa que puede tener riesgo de cáncer de mama.
La edad avanzada es el principal factor de riesgo para la mayoría de cánceres. La probabilidad de presentar cáncer aumenta a medida que envejece.
La Herramienta de Evaluación del Riesgo de Cáncer de Mama (Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool) del NCI utiliza los factores de riesgo de las mujeres para calcular el riesgo de cáncer de mama durante los cinco años siguientes y hasta los 90 años. Esta herramienta está disponible en línea y en inglés para los proveedores de atención de la salud. Para mayor información sobre el riesgo de cáncer de mama, llamar al 1-800-4-CANCER.
En algunas ocasiones, el cáncer de mama obedece a mutaciones (alteraciones) genéticas heredadas.
Los genes de las células llevan la información hereditaria que cada persona recibe de los padres. El cáncer de mama hereditario representa alrededor de 5 a 10% de todos los casos de cáncer de mama. Algunos genes con mutaciones relacionados con este tipo de cáncer son más comunes en ciertos grupos étnicos.
Las mujeres que presentan ciertas mutaciones en los genes, como la mutación de BRCA1 oBRCA2 tienen un aumento de riesgo de cáncer de mama. Estas mujeres también presentan un aumento en el riesgo de cáncer de ovario, y pueden tener un mayor riesgo de otros cánceres. Los hombres que tienen una mutación relacionada con el cáncer de mama también tienen un mayor riesgo de este cáncer. Para mayor información, consulte el sumario del PDQ sobre Tratamiento del cáncer de seno (mama) masculino.
Líquido que sale del pezón, que no es leche materna; especialmente si es sanguinolento.
Piel con escamas, roja o hinchada en la mama, el pezón o la aréola (área oscura de piel que rodea el pezón).
Hoyuelos en la mama parecidos a la piel de naranja (se llama piel de naranja).
Para detectar (encontrar) y diagnosticar el cáncer de mama, se utilizan pruebas que examinan las mamas.
Consulte con un médico si observa algún cambio en sus mamas. Se pueden usar las siguientes pruebas o procedimientos:
Examen físicoy antecedentes: examen del cuerpo para revisar los signos generales de salud, incluso verificar si hay signos de enfermedad, como masas o cualquier otra cosa que parezca anormal. También se anotan los antecedentes de los hábitos de salud del paciente y los antecedentes médicos de sus enfermedades y tratamientos anteriores.
Examen clínico de la mama (ECM): examen de la mama realizado por un médico u otro profesional de la salud. El médico palpará cuidadosamente las mamas y el área de las axilas para detectar masas o cualquier otra cosa que parezca poco habitual.
Mamografía. La mama se presiona entre dos placas. Se usan rayos-X para tomar imágenes del tejido de la mama.
Ecografía: procedimiento para el que se hacen rebotar ondas de sonido de alta energía (ultrasonido) en los tejidos u órganos internos para producir ecos. Los ecos forman una imagen de los tejidos del cuerpo llamada ecograma. La imagen se puede imprimir para observar más tarde.
IRM (imágenes por resonancia magnética): procedimiento para el que se usa un imán, ondas de radio y una computadora para crear una serie de imágenes detalladas de ambas mamas. Este procedimiento también se llama imágenes por resonancia magnética nuclear (IRMN).
Estudios bioquímicos de la sangre: procedimiento por el que se examina una muestra de sangre para medir las cantidades de ciertas sustancias que los órganos y tejidos del cuerpo liberan en esta. Una cantidad no habitual (mayor o menor que la normal) de una sustancia puede ser signo de enfermedad.
Biopsia: extracción de células o tejidos en las que un patólogo las observa almicroscopio y verifica si hay signos de cáncer. Si se encuentra un bulto en la mama, se puede realizar una biopsia.
Hay cuatro tipos de biopsias que se usan para examinar el cáncer de mama:
Si se encuentra cáncer, se llevan a cabo pruebas para estudiar las células cancerosas.
Las decisiones sobre cuál es el mejor tratamiento se toman de acuerdo con el resultado de estas pruebas. Las pruebas proveen información sobre los siguientes aspectos:
La rapidez con que crece el cáncer.
La probabilidad de que el cáncer se disemine por todo el cuerpo.
La eficacia de ciertos tratamientos.
La probabilidad de que el cáncer recidive (vuelva).
Receptor 2 del factor de crecimiento epidérmico humano (HER2/neu): prueba de laboratorio para medir cuántos genes HER2/neu hay y cuánta proteína HER2/neu se elabora en una muestra de tejido. Si hay más genes HER2/neu o concentraciones más elevadas de proteína HER2/neu que lo normal, el cáncer se conoce como positivo al HER2. Este tipo de cáncer puede crecer más rápido y es más probable que se disemine hasta otras partes del cuerpo. El cáncer se puede tratar con medicamentos dirigidos a la proteína HER2/neu como el trastuzumab y el pertuzumab.
Pruebas multigénicas: pruebas en las que se estudian muestras de tejidos para observar la actividad de varios genes a la vez. Estas pruebas pueden ayudar a pronosticar si el cáncer se va a diseminar a otras partes del cuerpo o si va a recidivar (volver).
MammaPrint: esta prueba ayuda a predecir si un cáncer de mama en estadio I o en estadio II con ganglios negativos, se diseminará hasta otras partes del cuerpo. Si el riesgo de diseminación futura es alto, se puede administrar quimioterapia para reducir el riesgo.
Según estas pruebas, el cáncer de mama se describe de la siguiente forma:
Triple negativo (receptor de estrógeno, receptor de progesterona y HER2/neu negativos).
Esta información facilita la decisión del médico sobre los tratamientos que tendrán el mejor efecto para el cáncer que usted padece.
Ciertos factores afectan el pronóstico (probabilidad de recuperación) y las opciones de tratamiento.
El pronóstico (probabilidad de recuperación) y las opciones de tratamiento dependen de los siguientes aspectos:
Estadio del cáncer (el tamaño del tumor y si está solo en la mama o si se diseminó hasta los ganglios linfáticos u otras partes del cuerpo).
Tipo de cáncer de mama.
Concentraciones de receptores de estrógeno y progesterona en el tejido tumoral.
Concentraciones de receptores del factor de crecimiento epidérmico humano tipo 2 (HER2/neu) en el tejido tumoral.
Si el tejido del tumor es triple negativo (células que no tienen receptores de estrógeno, receptores de progesterona o concentraciones altas del HER2/neu).
Rapidez con que crece el tumor.
Probabilidad de que el tumor recidive (vuelva).
Edad de una mujer, el estado general de salud y el estado menopáusico (si la mujer todavía tiene períodos menstruales).
Si el cáncer recién se diagnosticó o si recidivó (volvió).
Breast cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the breast.
A family history of breast cancer and other factors increase the risk of breast cancer.
Breast cancer is sometimes caused by inherited gene mutations (changes).
The use of certain medicines and other factors decrease the risk of breast cancer.
Signs of breast cancer include a lump or change in the breast.
Tests that examine the breasts are used to detect (find) and diagnose breast cancer.
If cancer is found, tests are done to study the cancer cells.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
Breast cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the breast.
The breast is made up of lobes and ducts. Each breast has 15 to 20 sections called lobes. Each lobe has many smaller sections called lobules. Lobules end in dozens of tiny bulbs that can make milk. The lobes, lobules, and bulbs are linked by thin tubes called ducts.
Anatomy of the female breast. The nipple and areola are shown on the outside of the breast. The lymph nodes, lobes, lobules, ducts, and other parts of the inside of the breast are also shown.
Each breast also has blood vessels and lymph vessels. The lymph vessels carry an almost colorless fluid called lymph. Lymph vessels carry lymph between lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped structures that are found throughout the body. They filter substances in lymph and help fight infection and disease. Clusters of lymph nodes are found near the breast in the axilla (under the arm), above the collarbone, and in the chest.
The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which begins in the cells of the ducts. Cancer that begins in the lobes or lobules is called lobular carcinoma and is more often found in both breasts than are other types of breast cancer. Inflammatory breast cancer is an uncommon type of breast cancer in which the breast is warm, red, and swollen.
See the following PDQ summaries for more information about breast cancer:
A family history of breast cancer and other factors increase the risk of breast cancer.
Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk to your doctor if you think you may be at risk for breast cancer.
Risk factors for breast cancer include the following:
Older age is the main risk factor for most cancers. The chance of getting cancer increases as you get older.
NCI'sBreast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool uses a woman's risk factors to estimate her risk for breast cancer during the next five years and up to age 90. This online tool is meant to be used by a health care provider. For more information on breast cancer risk, call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Breast cancer is sometimes caused by inherited gene mutations (changes).
The genes in cells carry the hereditary information that is received from a person’s parents. Hereditary breast cancer makes up about 5% to 10% of all breast cancer. Somemutated genes related to breast cancer are more common in certain ethnic groups.
Women who have certain gene mutations, such as a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, have an increased risk of breast cancer. These women also have an increased risk of ovarian cancer, and may have an increased risk of other cancers. Men who have a mutated gene related to breast cancer also have an increased risk of breast cancer. For more information, see the PDQ summary on Male Breast Cancer Treatment.
There are tests that can detect (find) mutated genes. These genetic tests are sometimes done for members of families with a high risk of cancer. See the PDQ summary on Genetics of Breast and Gynecologic Cancers for more information.
The use of certain medicines and other factors decrease the risk of breast cancer.
Anything that decreases your chance of getting a disease is called a protective factor.
Protective factors for breast cancer include the following:
Fluid, other than breast milk, from the nipple, especially if it's bloody.
Scaly, red, or swollen skin on the breast, nipple, or areola (the dark area of skin around the nipple).
Dimples in the breast that look like the skin of an orange, called peau d’orange.
Tests that examine the breasts are used to detect (find) and diagnose breast cancer.
Check with your doctor if you notice any changes in your breasts. The following tests and procedures may be used:
Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
Clinical breast exam (CBE): An exam of the breast by a doctor or other health professional. The doctor will carefully feel the breasts and under the arms for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.
Mammography. The breast is pressed between two plates. X-rays are used to take pictures of breast tissue.
Ultrasound exam: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. The picture can be printed to be looked at later.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of both breasts. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
Blood chemistry studies: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease.
Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by apathologist to check for signs of cancer. If a lump in the breast is found, a biopsy may be done.
There are four types of biopsy used to check for breast cancer:
Human epidermal growth factor type 2 receptor (HER2/neu) test: A laboratory testto measure how many HER2/neu genes there are and how much HER2/neu protein is made in a sample of tissue. If there are more HER2/neu genes or higher levels of HER2/neu protein than normal, the cancer is called HER2/neu positive. This type of breast cancer may grow more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. The cancer may be treated with drugs that target the HER2/neu protein, such astrastuzumab and pertuzumab.
Multigene tests: Tests in which samples of tissue are studied to look at the activity of many genes at the same time. These tests may help predict whether cancer will spread to other parts of the body or recur (come back).
Oncotype DX: This test helps predict whether stage I or stage II breast cancer that is estrogen receptor positive and node negative will spread to other parts of the body. If the risk that the cancer will spread is high, chemotherapy may be given to lower the risk.
MammaPrint: This test helps predict whether stage I or stage II breast cancer that is node negative will spread to other parts of the body. If the risk that the cancer will spread is high, chemotherapy may be given to lower the risk.
Based on these tests, breast cancer is described as:
Triple negative (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2/neu negative).
This information helps the doctor decide which treatments will work best for your cancer.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
The stage of the cancer (the size of the tumor and whether it is in the breast only or has spread to lymph nodes or other places in the body).
The type of breast cancer.
Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor levels in the tumor tissue.
Human epidermal growth factor type 2 receptor (HER2/neu) levels in the tumor tissue.
Whether the tumor tissue is triple negative (cells that do not have estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, or high levels of HER2/neu).
How fast the tumor is growing.
How likely the tumor is to recur (come back).
A woman’s age, general health, and menopausal status (whether a woman is still having menstrual periods).
Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Stages of Breast Cancer
KEY POINTS
After breast cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the breast or to other parts of the body.
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.
The following stages are used for breast cancer:
Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ)
Stage I
Stage II
Stage IIIA
Stage IIIB
Stage IIIC
Stage IV
The treatment of breast cancer depends partly on the stage of the disease.
After breast cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the breast or to other parts of the body.
The process used to find out whether the cancer has spread within the breast or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The results of some of the tests used to diagnose breast cancer are also used to stage the disease. (See the General Information section.)
The following tests and procedures also may be used in the staging process:
Sentinel lymph node biopsy: The removal of the sentinel lymph node during surgery. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from atumor. It is the first lymph node the cancer is likely to spread to from the tumor. Aradioactive substance and/or blue dye is injected near the tumor. The substance or dye flows through the lymph ducts to the lymph nodes. The first lymph node to receive the substance or dye is removed. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells. If cancer cells are not found, it may not be necessary to remove more lymph nodes.
Chest x-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
Bone scan: A procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, in the bone. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner.
PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): A procedure to find malignanttumor cells in the body. A small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do.
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body.
Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body.
Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.
When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called metastasis. Cancer cells break away from where they began (the primary tumor) and travel through the lymph system or blood.
Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.
Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.
The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, ifbreast cancer spreads to the bone, the cancer cells in the bone are actually breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not bone cancer.
The following stages are used for breast cancer:
This section describes the stages of breast cancer. The breast cancer stage is based on the results of tests that are done on the tumor and lymph nodes removed during surgery and on other tests.
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct.
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a condition in which abnormal cells are found in thelobules of the breast. This condition seldom becomes invasive cancer. Information about LCIS is not included in this summary.ENLARGE
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast.
Stage I breast cancer. In stage IA, the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller and has not spread outside the breast. In stage IB, no tumor is found in the breast or the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. Small clusters of cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes.
In stage I, cancer has formed. Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB.
Stage IIA breast cancer. No tumor is found in the breast and cancer is found in 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes near the breastbone (left panel); OR the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller and cancer is found in 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes near the breastbone (middle panel); OR the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters and has not spread to the lymph nodes (right panel).
Stage IIB breast cancer. The tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters and small clusters of cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes (left panel); OR the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters and cancer is found in 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes near the breastbone (middle panel); OR the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters and has not spread to the lymph nodes (right panel).
Stage IIIA breast cancer. No tumor is found in the breast or the tumor may be any size and cancer is found in 4 to 9 axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes near the breastbone (left panel); OR the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters and small clusters of cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes (middle panel); OR the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters and cancer is found in 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes near the breastbone (right panel).
the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters. Small clusters of breast cancercells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes; or
the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or to the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a sentinel lymph node biopsy).
Stage IIIB breast cancer. The tumor may be any size and cancer has spread to the chest wall and/or to the skin of the breast and caused swelling or an ulcer. Cancer may have spread to up to 9 axillary lymph nodes or the lymph nodes near the breastbone. Cancer that has spread to the skin of the breast may be inflammatory breast cancer.
In stage IIIB, the tumor may be any size and cancer has spread to the chest wall and/or to the skin of the breast and caused swelling or an ulcer. Also, cancer may have spread to:
Stage IIIC breast cancer. No tumor is found in the breast or the tumor may be any size and may have spread to the chest wall and/or to the skin of the breast and caused swelling or an ulcer. Also, cancer has spread to 10 or more axillary lymph nodes (left panel); OR to lymph nodes above or below the collarbone (middle panel); OR to axillary lymph nodes and lymph nodes near the breastbone (right panel). Cancer that has spread to the skin of the breast may be inflammatory breast cancer.
In stage IIIC, no tumor is found in the breast or the tumor may be any size. Cancer may have spread to the skin of the breast and caused swelling or an ulcer and/or has spread to the chest wall. Also, cancer has spread to:
For treatment options for stage IV breast cancer or breast cancer that has recurred in other parts of the body, see Metastatic Breast Cancer.
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
In inflammatory breast cancer, cancer has spread to the skin of the breast and the breast looks red and swollen and feels warm. The redness and warmth occur because the cancercells block the lymph vessels in the skin. The skin of the breast may also show the dimpled appearance called peau d’orange (like the skin of an orange). There may not be any lumps in the breast that can be felt. Inflammatory breast cancer may be stage IIIB, stage IIIC, orstage IV.
Inflammatory breast cancer of the left breast showing peau d’orange and inverted nipple.
Recurrent Breast Cancer
Recurrent breast cancer is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the breast, in the skin of the breast, in the chest wall, or in nearby lymph nodes.
Treatment Option Overview
KEY POINTS
There are different types of treatment for patients with breast cancer.
Five types of standard treatment are used:
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Hormone therapy
Targeted therapy
Some treatments for breast cancer may cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended.
New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant
Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
Follow-up tests may be needed.
There are different types of treatment for patients with breast cancer.
Different types of treatment are available for patients with breast cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Five types of standard treatment are used:
Surgery
Most patients with breast cancer have surgery to remove the cancer.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is the removal of the sentinel lymph node during surgery. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumor. It is the first lymph node where the cancer is likely to spread. A radioactive substance and/or blue dye is injected near the tumor. The substance or dye flows through the lymph ducts to the lymph nodes. The first lymph node to receive the substance or dye is removed. Apathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells. After the sentinel lymph node biopsy, the surgeon removes the tumor using breast-conserving surgery ormastectomy. If cancer cells were not found in the sentinel lymph node, it may not be necessary to remove more lymph nodes. If cancer cells were found, more lymph nodes will be removed through a separate incision. This is called a lymph node dissection.
Types of surgery include the following:
Breast-conserving surgery is an operation to remove the cancer and some normal tissue around it, but not the breast itself. Part of the chest wall lining may also be removed if the cancer is near it. This type of surgery may also be called lumpectomy, partial mastectomy, segmental mastectomy, quadrantectomy, or breast-sparing surgery.ENLARGE
Breast-conserving surgery. The tumor and some normal tissue around it are removed, but not the breast itself. Some lymph nodes under the arm may be removed. Part of the chest wall lining may also be removed if the cancer is near it.
Total mastectomy: Surgery to remove the whole breast that has cancer. This procedure is also called a simple mastectomy. Some of the lymph nodes under the arm may be removed and checked for cancer. This may be done at the same time as the breast surgery or after. This is done through a separate incision.ENLARGE
Total (simple) mastectomy. The dotted line shows where the entire breast is removed. Some lymph nodes under the arm may also be removed.
Modified radical mastectomy: Surgery to remove the whole breast that has cancer, many of the lymph nodes under the arm, the lining over the chest muscles, and sometimes, part of the chest wall muscles.ENLARGE
Modified radical mastectomy. The dotted line shows where the entire breast and some lymph nodes are removed. Part of the chest wall muscle may also be removed.
Chemotherapy may be given before surgery to remove the tumor. When given before surgery, chemotherapy will shrink the tumor and reduce the amount of tissue that needs to be removed during surgery. Treatment given before surgery is called preoperative therapy or neoadjuvant therapy.
Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may be given radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy after surgery, to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called postoperative therapy or adjuvant therapy.
If a patient is going to have a mastectomy, breast reconstruction (surgery to rebuild a breast’s shape after a mastectomy) may be considered. Breast reconstruction may be done at the time of the mastectomy or at some time after. The reconstructed breast may be made with the patient’s own (nonbreast) tissue or by using implants filled with saline orsilicone gel. Before the decision to get an implant is made, patients can call the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiologic Health at 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332) or visit the FDA website for more information on breast implants.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types ofradiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer.
External radiation therapy is used to treat breast cancer. Internal radiation therapy withstrontium-89 (a radionuclide) is used to relieve bone pain caused by breast cancer that has spread to the bones. Strontium-89 is injected into a vein and travels to the surface of the bones. Radiation is released and kills cancer cells in the bones.
The way the radiation therapy is given depends partly on the stage of the cancer being treated.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy).
The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. Systemic chemotherapy is used in the treatment of breast cancer.
Hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that removes hormones or blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing. Hormones are substances made by glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream. Some hormones can cause certain cancers to grow. If tests show that the cancer cells have places where hormones can attach (receptors), drugs, surgery, or radiation therapy is used to reduce the production of hormones or block them from working. The hormone estrogen, which makes some breast cancers grow, is made mainly by the ovaries. Treatment to stop the ovaries from making estrogen is calledovarian ablation.
Hormone therapy with tamoxifen is often given to patients with early localized breast cancer that can be removed by surgery and those with metastatic breast cancer (cancer that has spread to other parts of the body). Hormone therapy with tamoxifen or estrogens can act on cells all over the body and may increase the chance of developing endometrialcancer. Women taking tamoxifen should have a pelvic exam every year to look for any signs of cancer. Any vaginal bleeding, other than menstrual bleeding, should be reported to a doctor as soon as possible.
Hormone therapy with an aromatase inhibitor is given to some postmenopausal women who have hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors decrease the body's estrogen by blocking an enzyme called aromatase from turning androgen into estrogen. Anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane are types of aromatase inhibitors.
For the treatment of early localized breast cancer that can be removed by surgery, certain aromatase inhibitors may be used as adjuvant therapy instead of tamoxifen or after 2 to 3 years of tamoxifen use. For the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, aromatase inhibitors are being tested in clinical trials to compare them to hormone therapy with tamoxifen.
Monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory, from a single type of immune system cell. These antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow. The antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells, block their growth, or keep them from spreading. Monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion. They may be used alone or to carry drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies may be used in combination with chemotherapy as adjuvant therapy.
Types of monoclonal antibody therapy include the following:
Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the effects of the growth factorproteinHER2, which sends growth signals to breast cancer cells. It may be used with other therapies to treat HER2 positive breast cancer.
Pertuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that may be combined with trastuzumab and chemotherapy to treat breast cancer. It may be used to treat certain patients with HER2 positive breast cancer that has metastasized (spread to other parts of the body). It may also be used as neoadjuvant therapy in certain patients with early stage HER2 positive breast cancer.
Ado-trastuzumab emtansine is a monoclonal antibody linked to an anticancer drug. This is called an antibody-drug conjugate. It is used to treat HER2 positive breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body or recurred (come back).
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are targeted therapy drugs that block signals needed for tumors to grow. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be used with other anticancer drugs as adjuvant therapy. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors include the following:
Lapatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks the effects of the HER2 protein and other proteins inside tumor cells. It may be used with other drugs to treat patients with HER2 positive breast cancer that has progressed after treatment with trastuzumab.
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors are targeted therapy drugs that block proteins called cyclin-dependent kinases, which cause the growth of cancer cells. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors include the following:
Palbociclib is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor used with the drug letrozole to treat breast cancer that is estrogen receptor positive and HER2 negative and has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in postmenopausal women whose cancer has not been treated with hormone therapy. Palbociclib may also be used with fulvestrant in women whose disease has gotten worse after treatment with hormone therapy.
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors block a protein called mTOR, which may keep cancer cells from growing and prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. mTOR inhibitors include the following:
Everolimus is an mTOR inhibitor used in postmenopausal women with advancedhormone receptor positive breast cancer that is also HER2 negative and has not gotten better with other treatment.
Some treatments for breast cancer may cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended.
Some treatments for breast cancer may cause side effects that continue or appear months or years after treatment has ended. These are called late effects.
Late effects of radiation therapy are not common, but may include:
Inflammation of the lung after radiation therapy to the breast, especially when chemotherapy is given at the same time.
Arm lymphedema, especially when radiation therapy is given after lymph node dissection.
In women younger than 45 years who receive radiation therapy to the chest wall after mastectomy, there may be a higher risk of developing breast cancer in the other breast.
Late effects of chemotherapy depend on the drugs used, but may include:
New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
This summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials. It may not mention every new treatment being studied. Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant
High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood -forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment. Stem cells (immature blood cells) are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored. After the chemotherapy is completed, the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion. These reinfused stem cells grow into (and restore) the body’s blood cells.
Studies have shown that high-dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplant does not work better than standard chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer. Doctors have decided that, for now, high-dose chemotherapy should be tested only in clinical trials. Before taking part in such a trial, women should talk with their doctors about the seriousside effects, including death, that may be caused by high-dose chemotherapy.
Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.
Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.
Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.
Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from NCI's listing of clinical trials.
Follow-up tests may be needed.
Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.
Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer hasrecurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.
For women who had breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy is given to the whole breast to lessen the chance the cancer will come back. Radiation therapy may also be given to lymph nodes in the area.
For women who had a modified radical mastectomy, radiation therapy may be given to lessen the chance the cancer will come back if any of the following are true:
Cancer was found in 4 or more lymph nodes.
Cancer had spread to tissue around the lymph nodes.
There is tumor close to or remaining in the tissue near the edges of where the tumor was removed.
Postoperative systemic therapy
Systemic therapy is the use of drugs that can enter the bloodstream and reach cancercellsthroughout the body. Postoperative systemic therapy is given to lessen the chance the cancer will come back after surgery to remove the tumor.
Postoperative systemic therapy is given depending on whether:
Tamoxifen therapy and treatment to stop or lessen how much estrogen is made by theovaries. Drug therapy, surgery to remove the ovaries, or radiation therapy to the ovaries may be used.
Aromatase inhibitor therapy and treatment to stop or lessen how much estrogen is made by the ovaries. Drug therapy, surgery to remove the ovaries, or radiation therapy to the ovaries may be used.
In postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive tumors, no more treatment may be needed or postoperative therapy may include:
Aromatase inhibitor therapy with or without chemotherapy.
Tamoxifen followed by aromatase inhibitor therapy, with or without chemotherapy.
In women with hormone receptor negative tumors, no more treatment may be needed or postoperative therapy may include:
Chemotherapy.
In women with HER2/neu negative tumors, postoperative therapy may include:
Chemotherapy.
In women with small, HER2/neu positive tumors, and no cancer in the lymph nodes, no more treatment may be needed. If there is cancer in the lymph nodes, or the tumor is large, postoperative therapy may include:
Hormone therapy, such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor therapy, for tumors that are also hormone receptor positive.
In women with small, hormone receptor negative and HER2/neu negative tumors (triple negative) and no cancer in the lymph nodes, no more treatment may be needed. If there is cancer in the lymph nodes or the tumor is large, postoperative therapy may include:
Systemic therapy is the use of drugs that can enter the bloodstream and reach cancer cells throughout the body. Preoperative systemic therapy is given to shrink the tumor before surgery.
In postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive tumors, preoperative therapy may include:
Chemotherapy.
Hormone therapy, such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor therapy, for women who cannot have chemotherapy.
In premenopausal women with hormone receptor positive tumors, preoperative therapy may include:
A clinical trial of hormone therapy, such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor therapy.
In women with HER2/neu positive tumors, preoperative therapy may include:
In women with HER2/neu negative tumors or triple negative tumors, preoperative therapy may include:
Chemotherapy.
Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients withstage I breast cancer, stage II breast cancer, stage IIIA breast cancer and stage IIIC breast cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
Clinical trials testing new anticancer drugs, new drug combinations, and new ways of giving treatment.
Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients withstage IIIB breast cancer, stage IIIC breast cancer, stage IV breast cancer and inflammatory breast cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
See the Metastatic Breast Cancer section for information about treatment options for breast cancer that has spread to parts of the body outside the breast, chest wall, or nearby lymph nodes.
Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients withrecurrent breast cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
Metastatic Breast Cancer
Treatment options for metastaticbreast cancer (cancer that has spread to distant parts of the body) may include the following:
Hormone therapy
In postmenopausal women who have just been diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor positive or if the hormone receptor status is not known, treatment may include:
In women whose tumors are hormone receptor positive or hormone receptor unknown, with spread to the bone or soft tissue only, and who have been treated with tamoxifen, treatment may include:
In women with metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor positive and has not responded to other treatments, options may include targeted therapy such as:
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor therapy (palbociclib) combined with letrozole.
In women with metastatic breast cancer that is HER2/neu positive, treatment may include:
Targeted therapy such as trastuzumab, pertuzumab, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, or lapatinib.
Chemotherapy
In women with metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor negative, has not responded to hormone therapy, has spread to other organs or has caused symptoms, treatment may include:
Strontium-89 (a radionuclide) to relieve pain from cancer that has spread to bones throughout the body.
Other treatment options
Other treatment options for metastatic breast cancer include:
Drug therapy with bisphosphonates or denosumab to reduce bone disease and pain when cancer has spread to the bone. (See the PDQ summary on Cancer Pain for more information about bisphosphonates.)
Clinical trials testing new anticancer drugs, new drug combinations, and new ways of giving treatment.
Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients withmetastatic cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
Treatment Options for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)
Total mastectomy with or without tamoxifen. Radiation therapy may also be given.
Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients withductal breast carcinoma in situ. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of breast cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Reviewers and Updates
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.
Clinical Trial Information
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at NCI's website. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
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More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s E-mail Us.
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